τῆς ὥρας

ὥρα or [full] ὤρα (B), only in [dialect] Ion. form [full] ὥρη, or [full] ὤρη, some part of a sacrificial victim,

A

λάψεται γλῶσσαν, ὀσφῦν δασέαν, ὤρην SIG1037.2

(Milet., iv/iii B.C.); τοὺς Ἴωνας λέγειν φασὶ τὴν κωλῆν ὥρην καὶ ὡραίαν Sch.HQ Od.12.89: but distd. fr. κωλῆ, λάψεται.. κωλῆν ἀντὶ τῆς ὤρης SIGl.c.5; cf. ἄωρος(B). (Perh. cogn. with Lat. sūra.)

------------------------------------

ὥρα (C), [dialect] Ion. [full] ὥρη, ἡ: [dialect] Ep. gen. pl. ὡράων, [dialect] Ion. ὡρέων: loc. pl. ὥρασι, q. v.

A any period, fixed by natural laws and revolutions, whether of the year, month, or day (the sense 'day' is implied in the compd. ἑπτάωρος, q. v.),

νυκτός τε ὥραν καὶ μηνὸς καὶ ἐνιαυτοῦ X.Mem. 4.7.4

, cf. E.Alc. 449(lyr.), Pl.R. 527d;

τοῦ γνώμονος ἡ σκιὰ ἐπιοῦσα ἐπὶ τὰς γραμμὰς σημαίνει τὰς ὥρας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἡμέρας IG12(8).240

([place name] Samothrace): but specially,

I in Hom., part of the year, season; mostly in pl., the seasons,

ὅτε τέτρατον ἦλθεν ἔτος καὶ ἐπήλυθον ὧραι Od.2.107

, 19.152;

ἀλλ' ὅτε δὴ μῆνές τε καὶ ἡμέραι ἐξετελεῦντο, ἂψ περιτελλομένου ἔτεος, καὶ ἐπήλυθον ὧραι 11.295

, 14.294;

ἀλλ' ὅτε δή ῥ' ἐνιαυτὸς ἔην, περὶ δ' ἔτραπον ὧραι 10.469

, cf. Hes. Th. 58;

Διὸς ὧραι Od.24.344

, cf. Pi.O.4.2;

ὁ κύκλος τῶν ὡρέων ἐς τὠυτὸ περιιών Hdt.2.4

, cf. 1.32;

δυώδεκα μέρεα δασαμένους τῶν ὡρέων ἐς [τὸν ἐνιαυτόν] Id.2.4

; οὐ μεταλλάσσουσι αἱ ὧραι ib.77;

περιτελλομέναις ὥραις S.OT 156

(lyr.); πάσαις ὥραις at all seasons, Id.Fr.592.6 (lyr.), Ar.Av. 696 (anap.);

ὧραι ἐτῶν καὶ ἐνιαυτῶν Pl.Lg. 906c

, cf. Smp. 188a, etc.;

τῆς.. ὥρας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ ταύτης οὔσης, ἐν ᾗ ἀσθενοῦσιν ἄνθρωποι μάλιστα Th.7.47

; χαλεπὴ ὥ. a bad season, Pl.Prt. 344d;

ἀ δ' ὤρα χαλέπα Alc.39

; ἡ ὥ. αὕτη this season, X.Cyn.7.1, cf. 5.6; κατὰ τὰς ὥρας according to the seasons, Arist.GA 786a31;

οἱ περὶ τὴν ὥραν χρόνοι Id.Pol. 1335a37

.—Hom. and Hes. distinguish three seasons, and express each by the sg. ὥρη, with a word added to specify each:

a spring,

ἔαρος.. ὥρη Il.6.148

;

ὥρη εἰαρινή 2.471

, 16.643, Od.18.367, etc.; so in Trag. and [dialect] Att., ἦρος ὥρα or ὧραι, Ar.Nu. 1008 (anap.), E.Cyc. 508 (lyr.);

ὥρα νέα Ar.Eq. 419

;

νεᾶνις E.Ph. 786

(lyr.); v. infr. 2.

b summer,

θέρεος ὥρη Hes.Op. 584

, 664;

ὥρα θερινή X.Cyn.9.20

, Pl.Epin. 987a, etc.

c winter,

χείματος ὥρη Hes.Op. 450

;

ὥρῃ χειμερίῃ Od.5.485

, Hes.Op. 494; χειμῶνος ὥρᾳ in winter, And.1.137;

χιονοβόλος Plu.2.182e

.—A. also names three seasons, Pr. 454sq.; an Egyptian division of the year, acc. to D.S.1.26.—A fourth first appears in Alcm.76, θέρος καὶ χεῖμα κὠπώραν τρίταν καὶ τέτρατον τὸ ϝῆρ; and in Hp.Vict.3.68,

χειμών, ἦρ, θέρος, φθινόπωρον; ὥρας φαίνομεν ἡμεῖς ἦρος χειμῶνος ὀπώρας Ar.Av. 709

(anap.); τετράμορφοι ὧραι E(?).Fr. 943 (hex.): later, seven seasons are named,

ἔαρ, θέρος, ὀπώρα, φθινόπωρον, σπορητός, χειμών, φυταλιά Gal.17(1).17

.

2 esp. prime of the year, springtime,

ὅσα φύλλα καὶ ἄνθεα γίγνεται ὥρῃ Od.9.51

, cf. Il.2.468;

παρὰ τὴν καθεστηκυῖαν ὥραν Th.4.6

.

b in historians, the campaigning season,

τὸν τῆς ὥρας εἰς τὸν περίπλουν χρόνον X.HG6.2.13

; esp. in the phrase ὥρα ἔτους, Th.2.52, 6.70, Pl.Phdr. 229a, Lg. 952e, D.50.23, Thphr.CP3.23.2; εἰς ἔτους ὥραν next season, Plu.Per.10.

3 the year generally,

τῆς ὥρης μέσον θέρος Hdt.8.12

; ἐν τῇ πέρυσιν ὥρᾳ last year, D.56.3; εἰς ὥρας next year, Philem.116, Pl.Ep. 346c, LXX Ge.18.10, AP11.17 (Nicarch.), cf. Plu.Ages.22; also

εἰς ἄλλας ὥρας

hereafter,

E.IA 122

(lyr.);

ἐς τὰς ὥρας τὰς ἑτέρας Ar.Nu. 562

(lyr.);

ἐκ τῶν ὡρῶν εἰς τὰς ὥρας Id.Th. 950

(anap.); κἠς ὥρας κἤπειτα next year and for ever, Theoc.15.74; also

ὥραις ἐξ ὡρᾶν Isyll.25

; cf. ὥρασιν.

4 in pl., of the climate of a country, as determined by its seasons, Hdt.1.142, cf. 149, 4.199 (here perh. three harvest seasons);

τὰς ὥ. κάλλιστα κεκρημένας Id.3.106

; cf. Pl.Criti. 111e, Phd. 111b; climatic conditions, Hdt.2.26.

II time of day,

νυκτὸς ἐν ὥρῃ h.Merc.67

, 155, 400; αἱ ὧ. τῆς ἡμέρας the times of day, i.e. morning, noon, evening, and night, X.Mem.4.3.4; δι' ὥραν ἡμέρας by the time of day (fixed for meetings), D.Prooem.49, etc.;

πᾶσαν ὥ. τῆς ἡμέρας Arist.Mete. 371b31

;

μεσονυκτίοις ποθ' ὥραις Anacreont.31.1

: without ἡμέρας or

νυκτός, ἑκάστης ἡμέρας μέχρι τρίτου μέρους ὥρας Pl. Lg. 784a

;

τῆς ὥρας μικρὸν πρὸ δύντος ἡλίου X.HG7.2.22

; ψευσθεὶς τῆς ὥ. having mistaken the hour, And.1.38; ἐποίησαν ἔξω μέσων νυκτῶν τὴν ὥραν, i.e. they prolonged the day beyond midnight, D.54.26;

τῆς ὥρας ἐγίγνετ' ὀψέ Id.21.84

;

ὀψίτερον τῆς ὥ. PTeb. 793 xi 12

(ii B. C.);

πολλῆς ὥρας

it being late,

Plb.5.8.3

;

ἤδη ὥρα πολλή Ev.Marc.6.35

; ἄχρι πολλῆς ὥρας till late in the day, D.H.2.54.

b duration, interval or lapse of time,

μετὰ ἱκανὴν ὥραν τοῦ κατενεχθῆναι τὸν πέλεκυν ἐξακούεται ἡ τῆς πληγῆς φωνή S.E.M.5.69

; length of time, term, Ἄρτεμις ἐννέ' ἐτῶν δεκάδας βίον Ἀρτεμιδώρῳ ἔκχρησεν, τρεῖς δ' ὥραι(date.)

ἔτι προσέθηκε Προνοίη IG12(3).1350.3

(Thera, ii B. C.); ἐπὶ πολλὴν ὥ. for a long time, J.AJ8.4.4.

2 the νυχθήμερον was prob. first divided into twenty-four hours by Hipparch., ἐν πόσαις ὥραις ἰσημεριναῖς (equinoctial hours)

ἕκαστον τῶν ἄστρων ἢ δύνει ἢ ἀνατέλλει 2.4.5

, cf. Ptol.Alm.3.9, 4.9, al.

b in ordinary life the day from sunrise to sunset was divided into twelve equal parts called ὧραι ( ὧραι καιρικαί when it was necessary to distinguish them from the ὧραι ἰσημεριναί, v. καιρικός 2 c),

ἡμέρα ἡ.. δωδεκάωρος, τουτέστιν ἡ ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς μέχρι δύσεως S.E.M.10.182

;

οὐχὶ δώδεκά εἰσιν ὧραι τῆς ἡμέρας; Ev.Jo.11.9

;

ὡράων ἀμφὶ δυωδεκάδι AP9.782

(Paul.Sil.); the time of day was commonly given without the Art.,

ὥρᾳ ᾱ PHamb.1.96.3

(ii A. D.),

τρίτης ὥρας Plu.Rom.12

; ὀγδόης, ἐνάτης, δεκάτης ὥ., Id.Alex.60, Aem.22, Ant.68, etc.; but we have περὶ τὴν τρίτην ὥραν, περὶ τὴν ἑνδεκάτην, Ev.Matt.20.3,6, beside περὶ ἕκτην καὶ ἐννάτην ὥ. ib.5;

χθὲς ὥραν ἑβδόμην Ev.Jo.4.52

, cf. IG5(1).1390.109 (Andania, i B. C.), etc.; ἐρωτᾷ σε Χαιρήμων δειπνῆσαι.. αὔριον, ἥτις ἐστὶν ιε, ἀπὸ ὥρας θ ¯ - to-morrow the 15th at 9 o'clock, POxy.110 (ii A. D.): prov., δωδεκάτης ὥ., as we say 'at the eleventh hour', Plu.Crass.17.

c

τὰ δυώδεκα μέρεα τῆς ἡμέρης παρὰ Βαβυλωνίων ἔμαθον οἱ Ἕλληνες Hdt. 2.109

; here ἡμέρη means the νυχθήμερον, and the μέρεα were each = 2 ὧραι ἰσημεριναί; these double hours (Assyr. kaš-bu) are called ὧραι by Eudox.,

ἥμισυ ζῳδίου.., ὅ ἐστιν ὥρας ἥμισυ Ars14.11

, cf. 16.2; cf.

δωδεκάωρος 11

.

III Astrol., degree of the zodiac rising at the nativity (cf.

ὡρονόμος 11

,

ὡροσκόπος 11

), ὥ. μεροποσπόρος, τεκνοσπόρος, Man.4.577, 597; ἐξ ὥρης ἐσορῶν Ζεὺς Ἑρμείην Jupiter in the ascendant in aspect with Mercury, Id.3.186, cf. 32, al.

B the fitting time or season for a thing (mostly without Art., even in [dialect] Att.), freq. in Hom. (v. infr.);

ὥρα συνάπτει Pi.P.4.247

;

ὧραι ἐπειγόμεναι Id.N.4.34

;

ὅταν ὥ. ἥκῃ X.Mem.2.1.2

; but with Art.,

τῆς ὥ. ἐνθυμεῖσθαι Id.Cyn.8.6

: freq. in later writers,

τῆς ὥρας ἐπιγενομένης Plb.2.34.3

, etc.

2 c. gen. rei, ὥρη κοίτοιο, μύθων, ὕπνου, the time for bed, tale-telling, or sleep, Od.3.334, 11.379, cf. Hdt.1.10;

ὥρη δόρποιο Od.14.407

;

περὶ ἀρίστου ὥραν Th.7.81

, X.HG1.1.13;

πολυηράτου ἐς γάμου ὥρην Od.15.126

;

ἐς γάμου ὥρην ἀπικέσθαι Hdt. 6.61

;

γάμων ἔχειν ὥραν D.H.5.32

; so εἰς ἀνδρὸς ὥραν ἥκουσα time for a husband, Pl.Criti. 113d; ὥρη ἀρότου, ἀμήτου, Hes.Op. 460, 575;

μέχρι ἀρότου ὥρης IG7.235.3

(Oropus, iv B. C.);

καρπῶν ὧραι Ar.Ra. 1034

(anap.);

ἡ ὥρα τῆς ὀχείας Arist.HA 509b20

; τοῦ φωλεύειν ib. 579a26, etc.; also ὥραν εἶχον παιδεύεσθαι I was of age to.. Is.9.28.

3 ὥρα [ἐστίν] c. inf., it is time to do a thing,

ἀλλὰ καὶ ὥρη εὕδειν Od.11.330

, cf. 373; so also in Trag. and [dialect] Att., E.Ph. 1584, Heracl. 288 (anap.), Ar.Ec.30, Pl.Prt. 361e, 362a; so

δοκεῖ οὐχ ὥρα εἶναι καθεύδειν X.An.1.3.11

, cf. HG7.2.13 (dub. l.): c. acc. et inf.,

ὥρα δ' ἐμπόρους καθιέναι ἄγκυραν A.Ch. 661

, cf. S.OT 466 (lyr.): c. dat. et inf., X.Cyr.4.5.1, Pl.Tht. 145b: in these phrases the inf. [tense] pres. is almost universal; the [tense] aor., however, occurs in Od.21.428, S.Aj. 245 (lyr.), Ar.Ach. 393 (where also ἐστί is added to ὥρα, as in Philyll.3, ἀφαιρεῖν ὥρα 'στὶν ἤδη τὰς τραπέζας); and the [tense] pf. in

ὥρα πεπαῦσθαι Plu.2.728d

: sts. the inf. must be supplied,

οὐδέ τί σε χρή, πρὶν ὥρη, καταλέχθαι Od.15.394

, cf. E.El. 112 (lyr.), Ar.Ec. 877; ὥρα κἠς οἶκον (i. e. ἰέναι εἰς οἶκον) Theoc.15.147.

4 in various adverb. usages,

τὴν ὥρην

at the right time,

Hdt.2.2

, 8.19, X.Oec.20.16: but τὴν ὥ. at that hour, Hes.Sc. 401; ταύτην τὴν ὥραν at this season, X.Cyn.9.1;

[ἡ ἶρις] πᾶσαν ὥραν γίγνεται τῆς ἡμέρας Arist.Mete. 371b31

;

δείελον ὥρην παύομαι ἀμήτοιο A.R. 3.417

; ὥραν οὐδενὸς κοινὴν θεῶν at an hour.., A.Eu. 109, cf. E.Ba. 724, Aeschin.1.9; αὐτῆς ὥρας immediately, PMich. in Class.Phil.22.255(iii A. D.); ἐν ὥρῃ in due season, in good time, Od.17.176, Hdt. 1.31, cf. Pi.O.6.28, Ar.V. 242, etc.; also αἰεὶ εἰς ὥρας in successive seasons, Od.9.135; ἐς τὰς ὥρας for all time, Ar.Ra. 382 (lyr. cf. supr. A. 1.3) (hence in an acclamation [ε] ἰς ὥρας πᾶσι τοῖς τὴν πόλιν φιλοῦσιν hurrah for.., POxy.41.29 (iii/iv A. D.));

οἱ ὧδε χέζοντες εἰς ὥ. μὴ ἔλθοιεν Milet.2(3)

No.406, cf.

ὥρασι; καθ' ὥραν Theoc.18.12

, Plb.1.45.4, cf. 3.93.6, etc.; opp.

παρ' ὥρην AP7.534

(Alex.Aet. or Autom.), cf. Plu.2.784b, etc.:—

πρὸ τῆς ὥρας X.Oec.20.16

;

πρὸ ὥρας Luc.Luct.13

;

πρὸ ὥρας τελευτῆσαι IG42(1).84.26

(Epid., i A. D.);

πρὶν ὥρας Pi.P.4.43

(cf.

πρίν A. 11.4

).

II metaph., the spring-time of life, the bloom of youth, Mimn.3.1;

ὥραν ἐχούσας A.Supp. 997

, cf. Th.13, 535;

παῖδας πρὸς τέρμασιν ὥρας Ar.Av. 705

(anap.);

πάντες οἱ ἐν ὥρᾳ Pl.R. 474d

; οὐκ ἐνὥ., = πρεσβύτερος, Id.Phdr. 240d;

ἐὰν ἐπὶ ὥρᾳ ᾖ Id.R. 474e

;

ἕως ἂν ἐν ὥρᾳ ὦσι Id.Men. 76b

; παυσαμένου τῆς ὥ. prob. in Id.Phdr. 234a;

ἀνθεῖν ἐν ὥ. Id.R. 475a

;

τὴν ὥ. διαφυλάξαι ἄβατον τοῖς πονηροῖς Isoc.10.58

; λήγειν ὥρας, opp. ἀνθεῖν, Pl.Alc.1.131e;

ἑς ἐπιγινόμενόν τι τέλος, οἷον τοῖς ἀκμαίοις ἡ ὥρα Arist.EN 1174b33

, cf. 1157a8.

2 freq. involving an idea of beauty,

φεῦ φεῦ τῆς ὥρας τοῦ κάλλους Ar.Av. 1724

(lyr.);

ὥρᾳ.. ἡλικίας λαμπρός Th.6.54

;

κάλλει καὶ ὥρᾳ διενεγκόντες Aeschin.1.134

, cf. ib.158;

καλὸς ὥρᾳ τε κεκραμένος Pi.O.10(11).104

, cf. X.Mem. 2.1.22, Pl.Lg. 837b;

ἀφ' ὥρας ἐργάζεσθαι

quaestum corpore facere,

Plu.

Tim..14, cf. X.Mem..1.6.13, Smp.8.21;

τὴν ὥ. πεπωληκότες Phld.Rh.1.344

S.:—then,

b generally, beauty, grace, elegance of style, D.H.Pomp.2, Plu.2.874b, etc.;

γλυκύτης καὶ ὥ. Hermog.Id.2.3

, cf. Men.Rh.p.335 S., Him.Or.1.2; of beauty in general,

χάρις καὶ ὥρα Plu.2.128d

.

3 Ὥρα personified, like Ἥβη, Pi.N.8.1.

III = τὰ ὡραῖα, the produce of the season, fruits of the year,

ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐτρέφοντο X.HG2.1.1

.

C personified, αἱὯραι, the Hours, keepers of heaven's cloudgate, Il.5.749, 8.393; and ministers of the gods, ib. 433;

Ζεῦ, τεαὶ.. Ὧραι Pi.O.4.2

; esp. of Aphrodite, h.Hom.6.5,12; also Ὧ. Διονυσιάδες, Καρνειάδες, Simon.148, Call.Ap.87; three in number, Eunomia, Dike, Eirene, daughters of Zeus and Themis, Hes.Th. 901;

Ωραι πολυάνθεμοι Pi.O.13.17

, cf. Alex.261.6, Theoc.1.150, etc.: freq. joined with the Χάριτες, h.Ap. 194, Hes.Op.75; worshipped at Athens, Paus.9.35.1; at Argos, Id.2.20.5; at Attaleia, BMus.Inscr. 1044 (i B. C.).

ὥρα, ας, ἡ (Hom. [ὥρη]+; ins, pap, LXX; PsSol 18:10; TestSol, TestAbr, TestJob, Test12Patr, JosAs, ParJer, GrBar; ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.; ApcSed, ApcMos, EpArist, Philo, Joseph.; Ar. 15:10; Just.; Tat. 20, 2).

① an undefined period of time in a day, time of day ὀψὲ ἤδη οὔσης τῆς ὥρας since it was already late in the day or since the hour was (already) late Mk 11:11 v.l.; cp. MPol 7:1b (s. ὀψέ 1 and 2; Demosth. 21, 84; Polyb. 3, 83, 7 ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας). ὀψίας οὔσης τῆς ὥρας Mk 11:11 (ὄψιος 1). ὥρα πολλή late hour (Polyb. 5, 8, 3; Dionys. Hal. 2, 54; TestAbr A 14 p. 94, 24 [Stone p. 36]; Jos., Ant. 8, 118) 6:35ab. ἡ ὥρα ἤδη παρῆλθεν Mt 14:15 (παρέρχομαι 2).—Mt 24:42 v.l., 44; Lk 12:39, 40; Rv 3:3; D 16:1. W. ἡμέρα day and time of day, hour (ApcEsdr 3:4 p. 27, 9 Tdf.) Mt 24:36, 50; 25:13; Mk 13:32; Lk 12:46.

② a period of time as division of a day, hour

ⓐ beside year, month, and day Rv 9:15; the twelfth part of a day (=period of daylight) οὐχὶ δώδεκα ὧραί εἰσιν τῆς ἡμέρας; J 11:9 (TestAbr B 7 p. 111, 24 [Stone p. 70]). μίαν ὥραν ἐποίησαν Mt 20:12 (s. ποιέω 6); cp. Lk 22:59; Ac 5:7; 19:34 (ἐπὶ ὥρας δύο CBurchard, ZNW 61, ’70, 167f; TestBenj 3:7, Judah 3, 4); MPol 7:3. συνεψήφισα τὰς ὥρας I counted the hours Hv 3, 1, 4. One ὥρα in this world corresponds to a ὥρα thirty days in length in the place of punishment Hs 6, 4, 4. μίαν ὥραν (not even) one hour Mt 26:40; Mk 14:37. Such passages help us to understand how ὥρα can acquire the sense

ⓑ a short period of time μιᾷ ὥρᾳ (cp. TestJob 7:12; ApcMos 25 [both ἐν]) in a single hour=in an extraordinarily short time Rv 18:10, 17, 19. μίαν ὥραν for a very short time 17:12. Likew. πρὸς ὥραν for a while, for a moment J 5:35; 2 Cor 7:8; Gal 2:5 (s. on this pass. KLake, Gal 2:3–5: Exp. 7th ser., 1, 1906, 236–45; CWatkins, Der Kampf des Pls um Galatien 1913; BBacon, JBL 42, 1923, 69–80); Phlm 15; MPol 11:2. πρὸς καιρὸν ὥρας 1 Th 2:17.

ⓒ as a temporal indicator, reckoned from the beginning of the day (6 hours or 6 A.M., our time) or the night (18 hours or 6 P.M.) (Plut. et al.; Appian, Mithrid. 19 §72 ἑβδόμης ὥρας=at the 7th hour or 1 P.M.; SIG 671A, 9 [162/160 B.C.] ὥρας δευτέρας; 736, 109 [92 B.C.] ἀπὸ τετάρτας ὥρας ἕως ἑβδόμας; Jos., Vi. 279 ἕκτη ὥ.; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 1 II, 21 [246 B.C.] περὶ ὀγδόην ὥραν; PTebt 15, 2 [II B.C.]; Sb 5252, 20 [I A.D.] ἀφʼ ὥρας ὀγδόης; EpArist 303 μέχρι μὲν ὥρας ἐνάτης) ἕως ὥρας δευτέρας until the second hour (=8 A.M.) Hs 9, 11, 7. ὥρα τρίτη nine o’clock (A.M.) Mk 15:25 (Goodsp., Probs. 68f); Ac 2:15 (τῆς ἡμέρας); περὶ τρίτην ὥραν about nine o’clock (Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 45 §182 περὶ τρίτην ὥραν ἡμέρας) Mt 20:3; ἀπὸ τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νύκτος by nine o’clock at night (= 21 hours, or simply tonight) Ac 23:23 (TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 11 [Stone p. 12] περὶ ὥραν τρίτην τῆς νυκτός; cp. ibid. B 6 p. 109, 27 [St. p. 66]; Jos., Bell. 6, 68; 79 ἀπὸ ἐνάτης ὥ. τῆς νυκτὸς εἰς ἑβδόμην τῆς ἡμέρας). ἀπὸ ὥρας ε´ (=πέμπτης) ἕως δεκάτης from eleven o’clock in the morning until four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) Ac 19:9 v.l. περὶ ὥραν πέμπτην (PTebt 15, 2 [114 B.C.]; POxy 1114, 24 περὶ ὥ. τρίτην) at eleven o’clock (A.M.) Hv 3, 1, 2. ὥρα ἕκτη twelve o’clock noon Mt 20:5; 27:45a; Mk 15:33a; Lk 23:44a; J 4:6 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη about noon; TestJos 8:1 ὥρα ὡσεὶ ἕκτη; ParJer 1:11 ἕκτην ὥραν τῆς νυκτός); 19:14 (ὥρα ὡς ἕκτη); Ac 10:9. ἐχθὲς ὥραν ἑβδόμην yesterday at one o’clock in the afternoon (= 13 hours) J 4:52b (on the use of the acc. to express a point of time s. Hdb. ad loc.; Soph., Lex. I 44; B-D-F §161, 3; Rob. 470). ὥρᾳ ὀγδόῃ at two o’clock in the afternoon (= 14 hours) MPol 21. ὥρα ἐνάτη three in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Mt 20:5; 27:45f; Mk 15:33b, 34; Lk 23:44b; Ac 3:1 (ἐπὶ τὴν ὥραν τῆς προσευχῆς τὴν ἐνάτην); 10:3 (ὡσεὶ περὶ ὥ. ἐνάτην τῆς ἡμέρας); ὥρας θ´ AcPl Ha 11, 3; περὶ ὥραν ἐνάτην GJs 2:4; GPt 6:22 (TestAbr B 12 p. 117, 2 [Stone p. 82] κατὰ τὴν ἐνάτην ὥραν). ὥρα ὡς δεκάτη about four in the afternoon (= 16 hours) J 1:39. ἑνδεκάτη ὥρα five o’clock in the afternoon (= 17 hours) Mt 20:(6, without ὥρα), 9. ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας μέχρι ταύτης τῆς ὥρας ἤμην τὴν ἐνάτην προσευχόμενος four days ago, reckoned from (=at) this very hour, I was praying at three o’clock in the afternoon (= 15 hours) Ac 10:30 (echoing vs. 3, but inelegantly phrased; s. comm. on the textual problems). ἐπύθετο τὴν ὥραν ἐν ᾗ … he inquired at what time … J 4:52a; cp. vs. 53 (cp. Ael. Arist. 50, 56 K.=26 p. 519 D.: … τὴν ὥραν αἰσθάνομαι … ἐκείνην, ἐν ᾗ … ; 47, 56 K.=23 p. 459 D.: ἀφυπνιζόμην κ. εὗρον ἐκείνην τὴν ὥραν οὖσαν, ᾗπερ …). ᾗ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ὥρᾳ ἐμαρτύρησεν ὁ Πολύκαρπος the very day and hour that … EpilMosq 4.—Less definite are the indications of time in such expressions as ἄχρι τῆς ἄρτι ὥρας up to the present moment 1 Cor 4:11. πᾶσαν ὥραν hour after hour, every hour, constantly (Ex 18:22; Lev 16:2; JosAs 15:7; Ar. [Milne 76, 34]; cp. TestJob 10:1 πάσας ὥρας) 15:30. Also καθʼ ὥραν (Strabo 15, 1, 55; Ps.-Clem., Hom. 3, 69) 2 Cl 12:1. αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ at that very time, at once, instantly (oft. pap, e.g. POxy 235, 7 [I A.D.]; Da 3:6, 15; TestAbr B 12 p. 116, 27 [Stone p. 80]; GrBar 14:1; 15:1; ApcMos 20) Lk 2:38; 24:33; Ac 16:18; 22:13.

③ a point of time as an occasion for an event, time (BGU 1816, 12 [I B.C.] πρὸ ὥρας=before the right time) ἐν ἐκείνῃ τῇ ὥρᾳ Mt 8:13; 10:19; 18:1 (v.l. ἡμέρᾳ); 26:55; Mk 13:11; Lk 7:21; Ac 16:33; Rv 11:13; MPol 7:2a; GJs 20:2 (only pap). Likew. ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ ὥρᾳ Lk 10:21; 12:12; 13:31; 20:19 (on both expressions s. JJeremias, ZNW 42, ’49, 214–17). ἀπὸ τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης from that time on, at once Mt 9:22; 15:28; 17:18; J 19:27. ὥρα ἐν ᾗ J 5:28. ὥρα ὅτε 4:21, 23; 5:25; 16:25 (cp. ApcMos 17 περὶ ὥραν ὅταν). ὥρα ἵνα 16:2, 32. W. gen. of thing, the time for which has come (Diod S 13, 94, 1; Ael. Aristid. 51, 1 K.=27 p. 534 D.; PGM 1, 221 ἀνάγκης; JosAs 3:3 μεσημβρίας … καὶ ἀρίστου; ApcMos 42 [of Eve’s request] ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τῆς τελευτῆς αὐτῆς; Jos., Ant. 7, 326 ὥ. ἀρίστου; SibOr 4, 56) ἡ ὥρα τοῦ θυμιάματος Lk 1:10; τοῦ δείπνου 14:17, cp. MPol 7:1a; τοῦ πειρασμοῦ Rv 3:10; τῆς κρίσεως 14:7; τῆς δοξολογίας αὐτοῦ GJs 13:1; τοῦ ἀσπασμοῦ 24:1; ἡ ὥρα αὐτῶν the time for them J 16:4; w. the gen. (of the Passover) to be supplied Lk 22:14. Also w. inf. (Hom. et al.; Lucian, Dial. Deor. 20, 1; Aelian, VH 1, 21) ἡ ὥρα θερίσαι the time to reap Rv 14:15 (cp. Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 31 Jac. θερινὴ ὥ.; Paus. 2, 35, 4 ὥ. θέρους). Also acc. w. inf. (Gen 29:7) ὥρα (ἐστιν) ὑμᾶς ἐξ ὕπνου ἐγερθῆναι Ro 13:11.—W. gen. of pers. the time of or for someone to do or to suffer someth. (cp. Philo, Leg. ad Gai. 168 σὸς νῦν ὁ καιρός ἐστιν, ἐπέγειρε σαυτόν) of a woman who is to give birth (cp. GrBar 3:5 ἐν τῇ ὥρᾳ τοῦ τεκεῖν αὐτήν) ἡ ὥρα αὐτῆς J 16:21 (v.l. ἡμέρα, s. ἡμέρα 3, beg.).—Lk 22:53. Esp. of Jesus, of whose ὥρα J speaks, as the time of his death (Diod S 15, 87, 6: the dying Epaminondas says ὥρα ἐστὶ τελευτᾶν. Cp. MPol 8:1 τοῦ ἐξιέναι) and of the glorification which is inextricably bound up w. it ἡ ὥρα αὐτοῦ J 7:30; 8:20; 13:1 (foll. by ἵνα); cp. ἡ ὥρα μου 2:4 (s. Hdb. ad loc.). ἡ ὥρα ἵνα δοξασθῇ 12:23. ἡ ὥρα αὕτη 12:27ab. Also abs. ἐλήλυθεν ἡ ὥρα 17:1 (AGeorge, ‘L’heure’ de J 17, RB 61, ’54, 392–97); cp. Mt 26:45; Mk 14:35, 41.—ἐσχάτη ὥρα the last hour in the present age of the world’s existence 1J 2:18ab.—CCowling, Mark’s Use of ὥρα, Australian Biblical Review 5, ’56, 153–60. EBickermann, Chronology of the Ancient World ² ’80, 13–16.—B. 954 and esp. 1001. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW.

ἀπό (Hom.+) prep. w. gen. (see the lit. on ἀνά, beg., also for ἀπό: KDieterich, IndogF 24, 1909, 93–158; LfgrE s.v.). Basic sense ‘separation from’ someone or someth., fr. which the other uses have developed. In the NT it has encroached on the domain of Att. ἐκ, ὑπό, παρά, and the gen. of separation; s. Mlt. 102; 246; Mlt-Turner 258f.

① a marker to indicate separation from a place, whether person or thing, from, away from

ⓐ w. all verbs denoting motion, esp. those compounded w. ἀπό: ἀπάγεσθαι, ἀπαλλάσσεσθαι, ἀπελαύνειν, ἀπέρχεσθαι, ἀπολύεσθαι, ἀποπλανᾶσθαι, ἀποστέλλειν, ἀποφεύγειν, ἀποχωρεῖν, ἀποχωρίζεσθαι; but also w. ἀνίστασθαι, διαστῆναι, διέρχεσθαι, ἐκδημεῖν, ἐκκινεῖν, ἐκπλεῖν, ἐκπορεύεσθαι, ἐξέρχεσθαι, ἐξωθεῖν, ἐπιδιδόναι, μεταβαίνειν, μετατίθεσθαι, νοσφίζειν, παραγίνεσθαι, πλανᾶσθαι, πορεύεσθαι, ὑπάγειν, ὑποστρέφειν, φεύγειν; s. the entries in question.

ⓑ w. all verbs expressing the idea of separation ἐκβάλλειν τὸ κάρφος ἀ. τοῦ ὀφθαλμοῦ remove the splinter fr. the eye Mt 7:4 v.l. (for ἐκ). ἐξέβαλον ἀπὸ τῆς πήρας αὐτῶν δῶρα they set forth gifts out of their travel bags GJs 21:3. ἀπολύεσθαι ἀ. ἀνδρός be divorced fr. her husband Lk 16:18, cp. Ac 15:33. ἀποκυλίειν, ἀπολαμβάνεσθαι, ἀποστρέφειν, ἐπιστρέφεσθαι, ἐπανάγειν, αἴρειν, ἀφαιρεῖν, ἀπολέσθαι, μερίζειν et al., s. the pertinent entries. So also κενὸς ἀ. τινος Hs 9, 19, 2. ἔρημος ἀ. τινος (Jer 51:2) 2 Cl 2:3. W. verbs which express the concept of separation in the wider sense, like loose, free, acquit et al. ἀπορφανίζειν, ἀποσπᾶν, διεγείρεσθαι, δικαιοῦν, ἐκδικοῦν, ἐλευθεροῦν, λούειν, λύειν, λυτροῦν, ῥαντίζειν, σαλεύειν, στέλλειν, σῴζειν, φθείρειν, s. the entries; hence also ἀθῷος (Sus 46 Theod. v.l.) Mt 27:24. καθαρὸς ἀ. τινος (Tob 3:14; but s. Dssm. NB 24 [BS 196; 216]) Ac 20:26; cp. Kuhring 54.

ⓒ verbs meaning be on guard, be ashamed, etc., take ἀπό to express the occasion or object of their caution, shame, or fear; so αἰσχύνεσθαι, βλέπειν, μετανοεῖν, προσέχειν, φοβεῖσθαι, φυλάσσειν, φυλάσσεσθαι; s. 5 below.

ⓓ w. verbs of concealing, hiding, hindering, the pers. from whom someth. is concealed is found w. ἀπό; so κρύπτειν τι ἀπό τινος, παρακαλύπτειν τι ἀπό τινος, κωλύειν τι ἀπό τινος; s. the entries.

ⓔ in pregnant constr. like ἀνάθεμα εἶναι ἀ. τοῦ Χριστοῦ be separated fr. Christ by a curse Ro 9:3. μετανοεῖν ἀ. τ. κακίας (Jer 8:6) Ac 8:22. ἀποθνῄσκειν ἀ. τινος through death become free from Col 2:20. φθείρεσθαι ἀ. τ. ἁπλότητος be ruinously diverted from wholehearted commitment 2 Cor 11:3. Cp. Hs 6, 2, 4.

ⓕ as a substitute for the partitive gen. (Hdt. 6, 27, 2; Thu. 7, 87, 6; PPetr III, 11, 20; PIand 8, 6; Kuhring 20; Rossberg 22; Johannessohn, Präp. 17) τίνα ἀ. τῶν δύο; Mt 27:21, cp. Lk 9:38; 19:39 (like PTebt 299, 13; 1 Macc 1:13; 3:24; Sir 6:6; 46:8). τὰ ἀ. τοῦ πλοίου pieces of the ship Ac 27:44. ἐκχεῶ ἀ. τοῦ πνεύματός μου Ac 2:17f (Jo 3:1f). λαμβάνειν ἀ. τ. καρπῶν get a share of the vintage Mk 12:2 (cp. Just., A I, 65, 5 μεταλαβεῖν ἀπὸ τοῦ … ἄρτου).—Of foods (as in Da 1:13, 4:33a; 2 Macc 7:1) ἐσθίειν ἀ. τ. ψιχίων eat some of the crumbs Mt 15:27; Mk 7:28. χορτάζεσθαι ἀ. τινος eat one’s fill of someth. Lk 16:21. αἴρειν ἀ. τῶν ἰχθύων pick up the remnants of the fish Mk 6:43. ἐνέγκατε ἀ. τ. ὀψαρίων bring some of the fish J 21:10 (the only instance of this usage in J; s. M-EBoismard, Le chapitre 21 de Saint Jean: RB 54 [’47] 492).—Of drink (cp. Sir 26:12) πίνειν ἀπὸ τ. γενήματος τῆς ἀμπέλου drink the product of the vine Lk 22:18.

② to indicate the point from which someth. begins, whether lit. or fig.

ⓐ of place from, out from (Just., D. 86, 1 ἀπὸ τῆς πέτρας ὕδωρ ἀναβλύσαν ‘gushing out of the rock’) σημεῖον ἀ. τ. οὐρανοῦ a sign fr. heaven Mk 8:11. ἀ. πόλεως εἰς πόλιν from one city to another Mt 23:34. ἀπʼ ἄκρων οὐρανῶν ἕως ἄκρων αὐτῶν (Dt 30:4; Ps 18:7) from one end of heaven to the other 24:31, cp. Mk 13:27. ἀπʼ ἄνωθεν ἕως κάτω from top to bottom Mt 27:51. ἀρξάμενοι ἀ. Ἰερουσαλήμ beginning in Jerusalem Lk 24:47 (s. also Lk 23:5; Ac 1:22; 10:37). ἀφʼ ὑμῶν ἐξήχηται ὁ λόγος τ. κυρίου the word of the Lord has gone out from you and sounded forth 1 Th 1:8. ἀπὸ βορρᾶ, ἀπὸ νότου in the north, in the south (PCairGoodsp 6, 5 [129 B.C.] ἐν τῷ ἀπὸ νότου πεδίῳ; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 11A col. 1, 12f [123 B.C.] τὸ ἀπὸ νότου τῆς πόλεως χῶμα; ln. 7 ἀπὸ βορρᾶ τῆς πόλεως; 70, 16 al.; Josh 18:5; 19:34; 1 Km 14:5) Rv 21:13.

ⓑ of time from … (on), since (POxy 523, 4; Mel., HE 4, 26, 8; s. Kuhring 54ff).

α. ἀ. τῶν ἡμερῶν Ἰωάννου from the days of John Mt 11:12. ἀ. τῆς ὥρας ἐκείνης 9:22. ἀπʼ ἐκείνης τ. ἡμέρας (Jos., Bell. 4, 318, Ant. 7, 382) Mt 22:46; J 11:53. ἔτη ἑπτὰ ἀ. τῆς παρθενίας αὐτῆς for seven years fr. the time she was a virgin Lk 2:36. ἀ. ἐτῶν δώδεκα for 12 years 8:43. ἀ. τρίτης ὥρας τῆς νυκτός Ac 23:23. ἀ. κτίσεως κόσμου Ro 1:20. ἀ. πέρυσι since last year, a year ago 2 Cor 8:10; 9:2.—ἀπʼ αἰῶνος, ἀπʼ ἀρχῆς, ἀπʼ ἄρτι (also ἀπαρτί and ἄρτι), ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου, ἀπὸ τότε, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν; s. the pertinent entries.

β. w. the limits defined, forward and backward: ἀπὸ … ἕως (Jos., Ant. 6, 364) Mt 27:45. ἀπὸ … ἄχρι Phil 1:5. ἀπὸ … μέχρι Ac 10:30; Ro 5:14; 15:19.

γ. ἀφʼ ἧς (sc. ὥρας or ἡμέρας, which is found Col 1:6, 9; but ἀφʼ ἧς became a fixed formula: ParJer 7:28; Plut., Pelop. [285] 15, 5; s. B-D-F §241, 2) since Lk 7:45 (Renehan ’75, 36f); Ac 24:11; 2 Pt 3:4 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 6, 6; 1 Macc 1:11). ἀφʼ οὗ (sc.—as in X., Cyr. 1, 2, 13—χρόνου; Att. ins in Meisterhans.³-Schw. and s. Witkowski, index 163; ἀφʼ οὗ is also a formula) since, when once (X., Symp. 4, 62; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 16 Jac.; Lucian, Dial. Mar. 15, 1; Ex 5:23 GrBar 3:6) Lk 13:25; 24:21; Rv 16:18 (cp. Da 12:1; 1 Macc 9:29; 16:24; 2 Macc 1:7; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 23; GrBar; Jos., Ant. 4, 78). τρία ἔτη ἀφʼ οὗ (cp. Tob 5:35 S) Lk 13:7. ἀφότε s. ὅτε 1aγ end.

ⓒ the beg. of a series from … (on).

α. ἀρξάμενος ἀ. Μωϋσέως καὶ ἀ. πάντων τ. προφητῶν beginning w. Moses and all the prophets Lk 24:27. ἕβδομος ἀ. Ἀδάμ Jd 14 (Diod S 1, 50, 3 ὄγδοος ὁ ἀπὸ τοῦ πατρός [ancestor]; Appian, Mithrid. 9 §29 τὸν ἕκτον ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου Μιθριδάτην; Arrian, Anab. 7, 12, 4; Diog. L. 3, 1: Plato in the line of descent was ἕκτος ἀπὸ Σόλωνος; Biogr. p. 31: Homer δέκατος ἀπὸ Μουσαίου). ἀ. διετοῦς καὶ κατωτέρω Mt 2:16 (cp. Num 1:20; 2 Esdr 3:8).

β. w. both beg. and end given ἀπὸ … ἕως (Sir 18:26; 1 Macc 9:13) Mt 1:17; 23:35; Ac 8:10. Sim., ἀ. δόξης εἰς δόξαν fr. glory to glory 2 Cor 3:18.

③ to indicate origin or source, from

ⓐ lit., with verbs of motion

α. down from πίπτειν ἀ. τραπέζης Mt 15:27. καθεῖλεν δυνάστας ἀ. θρόνων God has dethroned rulers Lk 1:52.

β. from ἔρχεσθαι ἀ. θεοῦ J 3:2; cp. 13:3; 16:30. παραγίνεται ἀ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας Mt 3:13; ἀ. ἀνατολῶν ἥξουσιν 8:11 (Is 49:12; 59:19); ἀ. τοῦ ἱεροῦ ἐπορεύετο 24:1; ἀ. Παμφυλίας Ac 15:38. ἐγείρεσθαι ἀ. τ. νεκρῶν be raised from the dead Mt 14:2.

ⓑ lit., to indicate someone’s local origin from (Hom. et al.; Soph., El. 701; Hdt. 8, 114; ins [RevArch 4 sér. IV 1904 p. 9 ἀπὸ Θεσσαλονίκης]; pap [HBraunert, Binnenwanderung ’64, 384, s.v.; PFlor 14, 2; 15, 5; 17, 4; 22, 13 al.]; Judg 12:8; 13:2; 17:1 [all three acc. to B]; 2 Km 23:20 al.; Jos., Bell. 3, 422, Vi. 217; Just., A I, 1 τῶν ἀπὸ Φλαουί̈ας Νέας πόλεως; s. B-D-F §209, 3; Rob. 578) ἦν ἀ. Βηθσαϊδά he was from B. J 1:44; cp. 12:21. ὄχλοι ἀ. τῆς Γαλιλαίας crowds fr. Galilee Mt 4:25. ἄνδρες ἀ. παντὸς ἔθνους Ac 2:5. ἀνὴρ ἀ. τοῦ ὄχλου a man fr. the crowd Lk 9:38. ὁ προφήτης ὁ ἀ. Ναζαρέθ Mt 21:11. οἱ ἀ. Κιλικίας the Cilicians Ac 6:9. οἱ ἀδελφοὶ οἱ ἀ. Ἰόππης 10:23 (Musaeus 153 παρθένος ἀπʼ Ἀρκαδίας; Just., A I, 58, 1 Μακρίωνα … τὸν ἀπὸ Πόντου). οἱ ἀ. Θεσσαλονίκης Ἰουδαῖοι 17:13. οἱ ἀ. τῆς Ἰταλίας the Italians Hb 13:24, who could be inside as well as outside Italy (cp. Dssm., Her. 33, 1898, 344, LO 167, 1 [LAE 200, 3]; Mlt. 237; B-D-F §437).—Rather denoting close association οἱ ἀ. τῆς ἐκκλησίας members of the church Ac 12:1; likew. 15:5 (cp. Plut., Cato Min. 4, 2 οἱ ἀπὸ τ. στοᾶς φιλόσοφοι; Ps.-Demetr. c. 68 οἱ ἀπʼ αὐτοῦ=his [Isocrates’] pupils; Synes., Ep. 4 p. 162b; 66 p. 206c; PTebt 33, 3 [112 B.C.], Ῥωμαῖος τῶν ἀπὸ συγκλήτου; Ar. 15, 1 Χριστιανοὶ γενεαλογοῦνται ἀπὸ … Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ; Ath.).—To indicate origin in the sense of material fr. which someth. is made (Hdt. 7, 65; Theocr. 15, 117; IPriene 117, 72 ἀπὸ χρυσοῦ; 1 Esdr 8:56; Sir 43:20 v.l.) ἔνδυμα ἀ. τριχῶν καμήλου clothing made of camel’s hair Mt 3:4.

ⓒ fig., w. verbs of asking, desiring, to denote the pers. of or from whom a thing is asked (Ar. 11, 3): δανίσασθαι ἀπό τινος borrow fr. someone Mt 5:42. ἐκζητεῖν ἀ. τῆς γενεᾶς ταύτης Lk 11:51. ἀπαιτεῖν τι ἀπό τινος Lk 12:20. ζητεῖν τι ἀπό τινος 1 Th 2:6. λαμβάνειν τι ἀπό τινος Mt 17:25f; 3J 7.

ⓓ fig., w. verbs of perceiving, to indicate source of the perception (Lysias, Andoc. 6; Ps.-Aristot., De Mundo 6, 399b ἀπʼ αὐτῶν τῶν ἔργων θεωρεῖται ὁ θεός; Appian, Liby. 104 §493 ἀπὸ τῆς σφραγῖδος=[recognize a corpse] by the seal-ring; Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 2, 1 στοχάζεσθαι ἀπὸ τῶν ὀνομάτων; Just., D. 60, 1 τοῦτο νοοῦμεν ἀπὸ τῶν λόγων τῶν προλελεγμένων; 100, 2 ἀπὸ τῶν γραφῶν): ἀ. τῶν καρπῶν αὐτῶν ἐπιγνώσεσθε αὐτούς by their fruits you will know them Mt 7:16, 20. μανθάνειν παραβολὴν ἀ. τῆς συκῆς learn a lesson from the fig tree 24:32; Mk 13:28. ἀπὸ τῶν σπερμάτων μὴ ποιεῖσθαι τὴν παραβολήν if we are not to derive our parable solely from reference to seeds (cp. 1 Cor 15:37) AcPlCor 2:28.—Also μανθάνειν τι ἀπό τινος learn someth. fr. someone Gal 3:2; Col 1:7.

ⓔ γράψαι ἀφʼ ὧν ἠδυνήθην, lit., write from what I was able, i.e. as well as I could B 21:9 (cp. Tat. 12, 5 οὐκ ἀπὸ γλώττης οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τῶν εἰκότων οὐδὲ ἀπʼ ἐννοιῶν etc.).

④ to indicate distance fr. a point, away from, for μακρὰν ἀ. τινος far fr. someone, ἀπὸ μακρόθεν fr. a great distance s. μακράν, μακρόθεν. ἀπέχειν ἀπό τινος s. ἀπέχω 4. W. detailed measurements (corresp. to Lat. ‘a’, s. B-D-F §161, 1; Rob. 575; WSchulze, Graeca Latina 1901, 15ff; Hdb. on J 11:18; Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 12 §42; CB I/2, 390 no. 248) ἦν Βηθανία ἐγγὺς τῶν Ἱεροσολύμων ὡς ἀπὸ σταδίων δεκατέντε Bethany was near Jerusalem, about 15 stades (less than 3 km.) away J 11:18. ὡς ἀπὸ πηχῶν διακοσίων about 200 cubits (c. 90 meters) 21:8. ἀπὸ σταδίων χιλίων ἑξακοσίων about 1600 stades (c. 320 km.) Rv 14:20; cp. Hv 4, 1, 5 (for other examples of this usage, s. Rydbeck 68).—Hebraistically ἀπὸ προσώπου τινός (Gen 16:6; Jer 4:26; Jdth 2:14; Sir 21:2; 1 Macc 5:34; En 103:4; Just., A I, 37, 1 ἀπὸ προσώπου τοῦ πατρὸς ἐλέχθησαν διὰ Ἠσαίου … οἵδε οἱ λόγοι ‘in the name of the father … through Isaiah’; 38, 1 al.)=מִפְּנֵי פ׳ ( away) from the presence of someone 2 Th 1:9 (Is 2:10, 19, 21); Rv 12:14 (B-D-F §140; 217, 1; Mlt-H. 466).

⑤ to indicate cause, means, or outcome

ⓐ gener., to show the reason for someth. because of, as a result of, for (numerous ref. in FBleek on Hb 5:7; PFay 111, 4; POxy 3314, 7 [from falling off a horse]; Jdth 2:20; 4 [6] Esdr [POxy 1010]; AscIs 3:13; Jos., Ant. 9, 56) οὐκ ἠδύνατο ἀ. τοῦ ὄχλου he could not because of the crowd Lk 19:3; cp. Mk 2:4 D. οὐκ ἐνέβλεπον ἀπὸ τῆς δόξης τοῦ φωτός I could not see because of the brilliance of the light Ac 22:11. ἀ. τοῦ πλήθους τ. ἰχθύων J 21:6 (M-EBoismard, ad loc.: s. 1f end). ἀ. τοῦ ὕδατος for the water Hs 8, 2, 8. ἀ. τῆς θλίψεως because of the persecution Ac 11:19. οὐαὶ τῷ κόσμῳ ἀ. τ. σκανδάλων Mt 18:7 (s. B-D-F §176, 1; Mlt. 246). εἰσακουσθεὶς ἀ. τῆς εὐλαβείας heard because of his piety Hb 5:7 (but the text may be corrupt; at any rate it is obscure and variously interpr.; besides the comm. s. KRomaniuk, Die Gottesfürchtigen im NT: Aegyptus 44, ’64, 84; B-D-F §211; Rob. 580; s. on εὐλάβεια).

ⓑ to indicate means with the help of, with (Hdt. et al.; Ael. Aristid. 37, 23 K.=2 p. 25 D.; PGM 4, 2128f σφράγιζε ἀπὸ ῥύπου=seal with dirt; En 97:8) γεμίσαι τὴν κοιλίαν ἀ. τ. κερατίων fill one’s stomach w. the husks Lk 15:16 v.l. (s. ἐκ 4aζ; cp. Pr 18:20). οἱ πλουτήσαντες ἀπʼ αὐτῆς Rv 18:15 (cp. Sir 11:18).

ⓒ to indicate motive or reason for, from, with (Appian, Bell. Civ. 5, 13 §52 ἀπʼ εὐνοίας=with goodwill; 1 Macc 6:10; pap exx. in Kuhring 35) κοιμᾶσθαι ἀ. τῆς λύπης sleep from sorrow Lk 22:45. ἀ. τῆς χαρᾶς αὐτοῦ Mt 13:44; cp. Lk 24:41; Ac 12:14. ἀ. τοῦ φόβου κράζειν Mt 14:26, ἀ. φόβου καὶ προσδοκίας with fear and expectation Lk 21:26. Hence verbs of fearing, etc., take ἀ. to show the cause of the fear (s. above 1c) μὴ φοβεῖσθαι ἀ. τ. ἀποκτεννόντων τὸ σῶμα not be afraid of those who kill only the body Mt 10:28; Lk 12:4 (cp. Jdth 5:23; 1 Macc 2:62; 3:22; 8:12; En 106:4).

ⓓ to indicate the originator of the action denoted by the verb from (Trag., Hdt. et al.) ἀ. σοῦ σημεῖον ἰδεῖν Mt 12:38. γινώσκειν ἀπό τινος learn fr. someone Mk 15:45. ἀκούειν ἀ. τοῦ στόματός τινος hear fr. someone’s mouth, i.e. fr. him personally Lk 22:71 (Dionys. Hal. 3, 8 ἀ. στόματος ἤκουσεν); cp. Ac 9:13; 1J 1:5. τὴν ἀ. σοῦ ἐπαγγελίαν a promise given by you Ac 23:21 (cp. Ath. 2, 3 ταῖς ἀπὸ τῶν κατηγόρων αἰτίαις ‘the charges made by the accusers’). ἀφʼ ἑνὸς ἐγενήθησαν Hb 11:12. Prob. παραλαμβάνειν ἀ. τοῦ κυρίου 1 Cor 11:23 is to be understood in the same way: Paul is convinced that he is taught by the Lord himself (for direct teaching s. EBröse, Die Präp. ἀπό 1 Cor 11:23: StKr 71, 1898, 351–60; Dssm.; BWeiss; Ltzm.; H-DWendland. But for indirect communication: Zahn et al.). παραλαβὼν ἀπὸ τῶν θυγατέρων Φιλίππου, ὅτι Papias (11:2); opp. παρειληφέναι ὑπὸ τῶν θ. Φ. (2:9).—Of the more remote cause ἀπʼ ἀνθρώπων from human beings (as opposed to transcendent revelation; w. διʼ ἀνθρώπου; cp. Artem. 1, 73 p. 66, 11 ἀπὸ γυναικῶν ἢ διὰ γυναικῶν; 2, 36 p. 135, 26) Gal 1:1. ἀ. κυρίου πνεύματος fr. the Lord, who is the Spirit 2 Cor 3:18. ἔχειν τι ἀπό τινος have (received) someth. fr. someone 1 Cor 6:19; 1 Ti 3:7; 1J 2:20; 4:21.—In salutation formulas εἰρήνη ἀ. θεοῦ πατρός ἡμῶν peace that comes from God, our father Ro 1:7; 1 Cor 1:3; 2 Cor 1:2; Gal 1:3; Eph 1:2; cp. 6:23; Phil 1:2; Col 1:2; 1 Th 1:1 v.l.; 2 Th 1:2; 1 Ti 1:2; 2 Ti 1:2; Tit 1:4; Phlm 3. σοφία ἀ. θεοῦ wisdom that comes fr. God 1 Cor 1:30. ἔπαινος ἀ. θεοῦ praise fr. God 4:5. καὶ τοῦτο ἀ. θεοῦ and that brought about by God Phil 1:28. The expr. εἰρήνη ἀπὸ ‘ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος’ Rv 1:4 is quite extraordinary. It may be an interpretation of the name Yahweh already current, or an attempt to show reverence for the divine name by preserving it unchanged, or simply one more of the grammatical peculiarities so frequent in Rv (Meyer⁶-Bousset 1906, 159ff; Mlt. 9, note 1; cp. PParis 51, 33 ἀπὸ ἀπηλιότης; Mussies 93f, 328).

ⓔ to indicate responsible agents for someth., from, of

α. the self, st. Gk. usage (Thu. 5, 60, 1; X., Mem. 2, 10, 3; Andoc., Orat. 2, 4 οὗτοι οὐκ ἀφʼ αὑτῶν ταῦτα πράττουσιν; Diod S 17, 56; Num 16:28; 4 Macc 11:3; En 98:4; TestAbr A 15 p. 95, 26 [Stone p. 38]; 18 p. 101, 6 [Stone p. 50]; Just., A I, 43, 8) the expr. ἀφʼ ἑαυτοῦ (pl. ἀφʼ ἑαυτῶν) of himself and ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ of myself are common Lk 12:57; 21:30; 2 Cor 3:5, esp. so in J: 5:19, 30; 8:28; 10:18; 15:4.—7:17f; 11:51; 14:10; 16:13; 18:34. So also ἀπʼ ἐμαυτοῦ οὐκ ἐλήλυθα I did not come of myself (opp. the Father sent me) 7:28; 8:42.

β. fr. others. W. verbs in the pass. voice or pass. mng. ὑπό is somet. replaced by ἀπό (in isolated cases in older Gk. e.g. Thu. 1, 17 et al. [Kühner-G. II/1 p. 457f]; freq. in later Gk.: Polyb. 1, 79, 14; Hero I 152, 6; 388, 11; Nicol. Dam.: 90 Fgm. 130, 130 Jac.; IG XII/5, 29, 1; SIG 820, 9; PLond III, 1173, 12 p. 208; BGU 1185, 26; PFlor 150, 6 ἀ. τῶν μυῶν κατεσθιόμενα; PGM 4, 256; Kuhring 36f; 1 Macc 15:17; Sir 16:4; ParJer 1:1 ᾐχμαλωτεύθησαν … ἀπὸ τοῦ βασιλέως; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 62; Just., A I, 68, 6 ἐπιστολὴν … γραφεῖσάν μοι ἀπὸ Σερήνου, D. 121, 3 ἀπὸ παντὸς [γένους] μετάνοιαν πεποιῆσθαι. See B-D-F §210; Rob. 820; GHatzidakis, Einl. in d. neugriech. Gramm. 1892, 211; AJannaris, An Histor. Gk. Grammar 1897, §1507). Yet just at this point the textual tradition varies considerably, and the choice of prep. is prob. at times influenced by the wish to express special nuances of mng. Lk 8:29b v.l. (ὑπό text); 43b (ὑπό v.l.); 10:22 D; ἀποδεδειγμένος ἀ. τ. θεοῦ attested by God Ac 2:22. ἐπικληθεὶς Βαρναβᾶς ἀ. (ὑπό v.l.) τ. ἀποστόλων named B. by the apostles 4:36. κατενεχθεὶς ἀ. τοῦ ὕπνου overcome by sleep 20:9. ἀθετούμενος ἀπὸ τῶν παραχαρασσόντων τὰ λόγια αὐτοῦ inasmuch as (Jesus) is being rejected by those who falsify his words AcPlCor 2:3. νεκροῦ βληθέντος ἀπὸ τῶν υἱῶν Ἰσραὴλ ἐπʼ αὐτά when a corpse was cast upon them (the bones of Elisha) 2:32. In such cases ἀπό freq. denotes the one who indirectly originates an action, and can be transl. at the hands of, by command of: πολλὰ παθεῖν ἀ. τ. πρεσβυτέρων suffer much at the hands of the elders Mt 16:21; cp. Lk 9:22; 17:25, where the emphasis is to be placed on παθεῖν, not on ἀποδοκιμασθῆναι. In ἀ. θεοῦ πειράζομαι the thought is that the temptation is caused by God, though not actually carried out by God Js 1:13. ἡτοιμασμένος ἀ. τοῦ θεοῦ prepared by God’s command, not by God in person Rv 12:6.

⑥ In a few expr. ἀπό helps to take the place of an adverb. ἀπὸ μέρους, s. μέρος 1c.—ἡμέρᾳ ἀφʼ ἡμέρας day by day GJs 12:3.—ἀπὸ μιᾶς (acc. to Wlh., Einl.² 26, an Aramaism, min ḥădā˒=at once [s. MBlack, An Aramaic Approach³, ’67, 113]; but this does not explain the fem. gender, found also in the formulaic ἐπὶ μιᾶς Maxim. Tyr. 6, 3f En 99:9 [s. SAalen, NTS 13, ’67, 3] and in Mod. Gk. μὲ μιᾶς at once [Thumb §162 note 2]. PSI 286, 22 uses ἀπὸ μιᾶς of a payment made ‘at once’; on the phrase s. New Docs 2, 189. Orig. γνώμης might have been a part of the expr. [Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 73], or ὁρμῆς [Thu. 7, 71, 6], or γλώσσης [Cass. Dio 44, 36, 2], or φωνῆς [Herodian 1, 4, 8]; cp. ἀπὸ μιᾶς φωνῆς Plut., Mor. 502d of an echo; s. B-D-F §241, 6) unanimously, alike, in concert Lk 14:18. Sim. ἀπὸ τ. καρδιῶν fr. (your) hearts, sincerely Mt 18:35.—Himerius, Or. 39 [=Or. 5], 6 has as a formula διὰ μιᾶς, probably = continuously, uninterruptedly, Or. 44 [=Or. 8], 2 fuller διὰ μιᾶς τῆς σπουδῆς=with one and the same, or with quite similar zeal.—M-M.

ὀψέ adv. (Hom. et al.; ins, pap, LXX; En, TestSol, TestAbr A 6 p. 83, 19 and 22 [Stone p. 14]; SibOr 5, 51; Philo, Joseph.; Just., D. 52, 4).

① pert. to an advanced point of time in the day (usually between sunset and darkness), late w. gen. ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας at a late hour (Demosth. 21, 84; Chariton 1, 14, 5; UPZ 6, 15 [163 B.C.]; Jos., Ant. 16, 218) MPol 7:1.

② pert. specif. to the period between late afternoon and darkness, late in the day, evening i.e. in the evening Mk 13:35. ὀψὲ οὔσης τῆς ὥρας (s. B-D-F §129) 11:11 v.l. (for ὀψίας). As a predicate (B-D-F §434, 1; also s. Rob. 973) ὅταν ὀψὲ ἐγένετο when it became evening, when evening came 11:19.—Used almost like an indecl. subst. (Thu. 3, 108, 3 al. ἐς ὀψέ) μέχρις ὀψέ until evening Hs 9, 11, 1; also ἕως ὀψέ (PLond III, 1177, 66 p. 183 [113 A.D.]) 9, 11, 2.—TMartin, BR 38, ’93, 55–69.

③ marker of a point of time subsequent to another point of time, after, w. special ref. to lateness, funct. as a prep. w. gen. ὀψὲ σαββάτων after the Sabbath Mt 28:1 (Aelian, VH 2, 23; Polyaenus 5, 2, 5 ὀψὲ τῆς ὥρας=later than the hour [decided upon]; Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 4, 18, 138, 8 ὀψὲ μυστηρίων; 6, 10, 213, 24 ὀψὲ τούτων, Her 12, 190, 10 ὀψὲ τῆς μάχης.—B-D-F §164, 4; Rob. 645f; ETobac, RHE 20, 1924, 239–43; JMaiworm, ThGl 27, ’35, 210–16; Goodsp., Probs. 43–45; JGrintz, JBL 79, ’60, 32–47).—B. 961. DELG. M-M.

ὄψιος, α, ον (ὀψέ)

① as adj. (Pind. [Isth. 4, 38f ὀψίᾳ ἐν νυκτί=late in the night] et al.; PTebt 304, 5 ὀψίας τῆς ὥρας γενομένης; BGU 380, 3) pert. to a point in time that is relatively later than another point of time, late, ὀψίας ἤδη οὔσης τῆς ὥρας since the hour was already late Mk 11:11 (s. ὀψέ 2).

② In our lit. mostly subst. ἡ ὀψία (sc. ὥρα; B-D-F §241, 3) the period between late afternoon and darkness, evening (Ael. Aristid. 48, 50 K.=24 p. 478 D.; POxy 475, 16 [182 A.D.] ὀψίας ‘in the evening’; 528, 5 καθʼ ἑκάστης ἡμέρας καὶ ὀψίας; PGM 1, 69; Jdth 13:1 ὡς ὀψία ἐγένετο) usu. in the combination ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης when evening came (Syntipas p. 49, 11; TestSol 1:42; Jos., Ant. 5, 7) Mt 8:16; 14:15, 23; 20:8; 26:20; 27:57; Mk 1:32 (the double expr. ὀψ. γενομένης, ὅτε ἔδυσεν ὁ ἥλ. is like Herm. Wr. 1, 29); Hs 9, 11, 6. ὀψίας γενομένης in the evening Mt 16:2; Mk 4:35; 6:47; 14:17. ἤδη ὀψ. γενομένης 15:42. Also οὔσης ὀψίας (Jos., Ant. 5, 140) J 20:19. ὡς ὀψ. ἐγένετο (s. Jdth above) 6:16. The context oft. makes it easier to decide just what time is meant, whether before or after sundown.—B. 997. DELG s.v. ὀψέ. M-M.

ὑστερ-έω, [tense] fut.

A

- ήσω LXXPs.83(84).12

, al.: [tense] aor. ὑστέρησα (freq. with v.l. ὑστέρισα) Hdt.1.70, etc.: [tense] pf.

ὑστέρηκα D.S.15.47

, Ep.Hebr.4.1: [tense] plpf.

ὑστερήκειν Th.3.31

:—[voice] Pass., [tense] aor.

ὑστερήθην 2 Ep.Cor.11.9

, J.AJ15.6.7: ([etym.] ὕστερος):— to be behind or later, come late, opp. προτερέω or

φθάνω, ὑστέρησαν οἱ ἄγοντες Hdt.1.70

, cf. E.Ph. 976, X.HG 5.1.3, Pl.Grg. 447a: c. dat. modi,

ὑ. τῇ διώξει Th.1.134

;

τῇ βοηθείᾳ D.59.3

: simply, occur later, of thunder after lightning, Epicur.Ep.2p.46U.

II c. gen. rei, come later than, come too late for, ὑστέρησαν (v.l. ὑστέρισαν) ἡμέρῃ μιῇ τῆς συγκειμένης came one day after the appointed day, Hdt.6.89; ὑ. τῆς μάχης ἡμέραις (sic leg. cum cod.C1, pro - ρας) πέντε came too late for the battle by five days, X.An.1.7.12;

ὑστερήσαντες οὐ πολλῷ Th.8.44

;

ὑ. δείπνου Amphis 39

; ἐπειδὴ τῆς Μυτιλήνης ὑστερήκει had come too late to save M., Th.3.31; ὑ. τῆς πατρίδος fail to assist it, X.Ages.2.1; τῶν λέμβων ὑ. miss them, Plb.5.101.4;

τῶν καιρῶν Arist.SE 175a26

;

τῆς ἐργασίας PCair.Zen. 25.12

(iii B. C.);

ταύτης [τῆς ὥρας] Gal.7.362

;

τῆς βοηθείας D.S. 13.110

.

2 c. gen. pers., come after him,

ὑ. εἰς Ἁλίαρτον τοῦ Λυσάνδρου X.HG3.5.25

: also c. dat., come too late for him, Th.7.29.

3

ὑ. ἔς τι Hp.Epid.6.7.3

.

III metaph., lag behind, be inferior to,

τῶν.. ἀποστόλων 2 Ep.Cor.11.5

;

ἐμπειρίᾳ ὑ. τῶν ἄλλων Pl.R. 539e

; μηδ' ἐν ἄλλῳ μηδενὶ μέρει ἀρετῆς ὑ. ib. 484d;

ἵνα γνῶ τί ὑστερῶ ἐγώ LXXPs.38(39).5

.

2 fall below, fail to do justice to a theme,

ὑστερήσας οὐδὲν τῆς τέχνης Luc.Par.60

.

IV fail to obtain, lack,

τἀγαθοῦ Clearch.Com.3.5

;

τοῦ δικαίου PEnteux.86.11

(iii B. C.);

ξύλων ἀκανθίνων οὐχ ὑστεροῦσι, ἀλλ' ἢ ἔχουσιν ἱκανά PCair.Zen. 270.5

(iii B. C.):—[voice] Med. (with [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.),

ὑστερεῖσθαί τινος D.S.18.71

, Ep.Rom.3.23, J.AJ15.6.7, PMasp. 2 iii 14 (vi A. D.); ὑστερηθεὶς τῆς ὁράσεως having lost his sight, PLond.5.1708.85 (vi A. D.);

δάνιον δανιεῖς αὐτῷ ὅσον ἂν ἐπιδέηται καὶ καθ' ὅσον ὑστερεῖται LXX De.15.8

(cod. A); in [tense] fut. [voice] Med., παιδὸς ὑστερήσομαι ( ἐστερήσομαι corr. Reiske) E.IA 1203.

2 abs., fail, come to grief, Phld.Oec.p.50 J.; fall short of supplies,

ἵνα μηθὲν ὑστερῇ τὰ ἐλαιούργια PHib.1.43.6

(iii B. C.):—[voice] Med., to be in want, Ev.Luc. 15.14, 1 Ep.Cor.8.8; [tense] pf. part. ὑστερημένοι those who have failed, Phld.Herc.1457.9.

V of things, fail, be wanting, Dsc.5.75.13, Ev.Jo.2.3; ἕν σε (v.l. σοι)

ὑστερεῖ Ev.Marc. 10.21

;

ὡς μὴ ὑστερεῖν τι ὑμῖν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων δικαίων BGU1074.7

(iii A. D.).—Cf. ὑστερίζω throughout.

κύριος [ῡ], α, ον, also ος, ον A.Supp. 732, E.Heracl. 143, Arist.Pol. 1306b20:—Thess. [full] κῦρρος IG9(2).517.20 (Larissa, iii B.C.): ([etym.] κῦρος) (not in Hom.):

I of persons, having power or authority over, c. gen.,

Ζεὺς ὁ πάντων κ. Pi.I.5(4).53

, cf. P.2.58;

ἐμῶν τε καὶ σῶν κ. πιστωμάτων A.Ag. 878

; πρὶν ἄν σε κ. στήσω τέκνων put thee in possession of.., S.OC 1041;

κύριοι πολιτείας Antipho 3.1.1

;

κ. καταλύσεως Th.4.20

;

εἰρήνης καὶ πολέμου X.HG2.2.18

; -

ώτατοι τοῦ ἱεροῦ Th.5.53

(but ὁ -ώτατος θεὸς τοῦ ἱεροῦ, of the god to whom a temple is dedicated, OGI90.39 (Rosetta, ii B.C.));

τῶν αὑτοὺ κ. Pl.Lg. 929d

, cf. Isoc. 19.34, etc.; θανάτου κ. τινός with power of life and death over, Pl. Criti. 120d;

κ. περί τινος Arist.Pol. 1286a24

.

2 κύριός εἰμι c. inf., I have authority to do, am entitled to do, A.Ag. 104 (lyr.); οὗτος κ. ὁρκωμοτεῖν (prob. for -ῶν) E.Supp. 1189;

κ. ἀπολέσαι, σῶσαι δ' ἄκυροι And.4.9

, cf. Th.5.63, 8.5; - ώτεροι δοῦναι better able to give, Id.4.18;

οὐ.. κ. οὔτε ἀνελέσθαι πόλεμον οὔτε καταλῦσαι X.An.5.7.27

;

δοῦλοι κ. μαστιγοῦν τοὺς ἐλευθέρους Ephor.29

J.;

αἱ ἀρχαὶ κ. κρίνειν Arist. Pol. 1287b16

; also κ. τοῦ μὴ μεθυσθῆναι having power not to.., Id.EN 1113b32: c. acc. et inf.,

κ. εἶναι ἢ τοίαν εἶναι [πόλιν] ἢ τοίαν Pl.R. 429b

.

3 folld. by a dependent clause,

κ. γενέσθαι, ὅντινα δεῖ καταστήσασθαι Is.6.4

.

4 c. part.,

πριαμένους τι ἢ πωλοῦντας κυρίους εἶναι Th.5.34

;

κ. ἦν πράσσων ταῦτα Id.8.51

, cf. Plb.6.37.8, 18.37.10;

κύριοι ἐόντω συλέοντες Schwyzer 337.13

(Delph.).

5 abs., having authority, supreme, τί τῶνδε κυριωτέρους μένεις; A.Supp. 965; -

ώτερος σέθεν E.Ba. 505

; ὁ πατὴρ μέχρι τούτου κ. [ἐστι] Arist.Rh. 1402a1; τὸ κ. the sovereign power in a state, Id.Pol. 1281a11, cf. Pl.R. 565a, etc.; τὰ κ. the supreme authorities, D.19.259, Arist.Rh. 1365b27;

τὰ τῆσδε τῆς γῆς κ. S.OC 915

; at Athens, κ. ἐκκλησία a sovereign or principal assembly, Ar.Ach.19, Arist.Ath.43.4, IG12.42.22, al., 22.493.8, etc.; ἀγορὰ κ. ib.1298.7.

II of things, ὁ τῆς ὥρας τῆς καταρχῆς κ. [ἀστήρ] Serapio in Cat.Cod.Astr.1.99: but usu. abs., authoritative, decisive,

δίκαι E.Heracl.

l.c., And.1.88, Pl.Cri. 50b; μῦθος -ώτερος of more authority, E.IA 318 (troch.); -ωτάτη τῶν ἐπιστημῶν [ἡ πολιτική] Arist.Pol. 1282b15;

αἱ -ώτεραι ἀρχαί Id.Cael. 285a26

, cf. Metaph. 997a12; [

ἡ φρόνησις] τῆς σοφίας κυριωτέρα Id.EN 1143b34

; -ωτέρα ἡ καθόλου [ἀπόδειξις] Id.APo. 86a23;

τάραχος ὁ -ώτατος Epicur.Ep.1p.30U.

; of sovereign remedies, -

ωτάτη τῶν καθάρσεων Pl.Sph. 230d

; -

ωτάτη κένωσις Gal.1.299

; important, principal, κ. δόξαι, of certain doctrines of Epicurus, Phld.Ir.p.86 W.;

τὰ -ώτατα μέρη τῆς φύσεως Epicur.Sent.9

; -

ώτερα μέρη τοῦ σώματος Philostr.Gym.50

; τὰ -ώτατα the principal organs, Gal.1.385 (but, the most important matters, Epicur.Sent.16);

τὸ -ώτατον τῆς Ἐφέσου Philostr.VS1.22.4

: Gramm., κ. τόνος principal accent, D.T.Supp. 674.32.

2 opp. ἄκυρος, valid, νόμος, δόγματα, D.24.1, Pl.Lg. 926d; κ. ποιεῖν [τὴν γνῶσιν], opp. ἄκυρον π., D.21.92, cf. 39.15;

τὰς συνθήκας κυρίας ποιεῖν Lys.18.15

;

ἡ συγγραφὴ ἥδε κ. ἔστω PEleph. 1.14

(iv B.C.); ἔστω τὰ κριθέντα κ. Lexap.D.21.94; so

τὰς τῶν ἄλλων δόξας κ. ποιεῖν Pl.Tht. 179b

.

3 of times, etc., ordained, appointed,

ἡ κυρίη ἡμέρη Hdt.5.50

, cf. 93 (pl.);

ἡ κ. τῶν ἡμερέων Id.1.48

, 6.129;

κ. ἐν ἡμέρᾳ A.Supp. 732

;

τόδε κ. ἦμαρ E.Alc. 105

(lyr.), etc.; κ. μήν, of a woman with child, i.e. the ninth month, Pi.O.6.32; ὅταν τὸ κ. μόλῃ φάος (prob.) the appointed time, A.Ag. 766 (lyr.);

κ. μένει τέλος Id.Eu. 544

(lyr.); ἡ κ. [ἡμέρα] D.21.84, cf. Test.ib.93; but αἱ κ. [ἡμεραι], = κριτικαί, Hp.Aff.9.

4 legitimate, lawful,

ὕπνος πόνος τε, κ. ξυνωμόται A.Eu. 127

, cf. 327; κύρι' ἔχοντες having lawful power, ib. 960 (lyr.).

5 ἡ κ. ἀρετή goodness proper, real goodness, Arist.EN 1144b4; [

φλοιὸς] ὁ κ. Thphr.HP4.15.1

; Rhet. and Gramm., κ. ὄνομα the real or actual, hence current, ordinary, name of a thing, opp. μεταφορά, γλῶττα, Arist.Rh. 1404b6, 1410b12, Po. 1457b3, cf. D.H. Comp.21, D.L.10.13, etc.; σπάνει κυρίου ὀνόματος for lack of a current term, D.H.Comp.24; - ώτατα ὀνόματα most ordinary terms, ib.3 (hence also κ. ὄνομα proper, personal name, Plb.6.46.10, A.D.Pron. 10.11, al., Hdn.7.5.8; ὄνομα alone in this sense, Diog.Bab.Stoic.3.213); κ. [λέξεις] Phld.Rh.1.181 S.; κατὰ τὸν κ. τρόπον, opp. καταχρωμένη, ib.1.59 S.

III Adv. κυρίως, v. sub voc.

B Subst. [full] κύριος, ὁ, lord, master,

τοῖσι κ. δωμάτων A.Ch. 658

, cf. 689, S.Aj. 734, etc.; ὁ κ. alone, head of a family, master of a house (cf. Sch.Ar.Eq. 965), Antipho 2.4.7, Ar.Pl.6, Arist.Pol. 1269b10;

τοὺς κ. τῶν οἰκιῶν PTeb.5.147

(ii B.C.); also, guardian of a woman, Is.6.32, PGrenf.2.15 i 13 (ii B.C.), etc.: generally, guardian, trustee, Is. 2.10, D.43.15, 46.19, Men.Epit.89, etc.

b later κύριε, as a form of respectful address, sir, Ev.Jo.12.21, 20.15, Act.Ap.16.30 (pl.), PFay. 106.15 (ii A.D.), etc.

2 fem. κυρία, ἡ, mistress, lady of the house, Philem.223, LXXIs.24.2, etc.;

κ. τῆς οἰκίας Men.403

: in voc., madam, D.C.48.44; applied to women from fourteen years upwards, Epict. Ench.40. (In later Gr. freq. written [full] κύρα, PGrenf.1.61.4 (vi A.D.), etc.)

b epith. of Ἶσις, OGI180 (Egypt, i B.C.), etc.

3 of gods, esp. in the East,

Σεκνεβτῦνις ὁ κ. θεός PTeb.284.6

(i B.C.);

Κρόνος κ. CIG4521

(Abila, i A.D.);

Ζεὺς κ. Supp.Epigr.2.830

(Damascus, iii A.D.);

κ. Σάραπις POxy.110.2

(ii A.D);

ἡ κ. Ἄρτεμις IG 4.1124

(Tibur, ii A.D.); of deified rulers,

τοῦ κ. βασιλέος θεοῦ OGI86.8

(Egypt, i B.C.); οἱ κ. θεοὶ μέγιστοι, of Ptolemy XIV and Cleopatra, Berl.Sitzb.1902.1096: hence, of rulers in general,

βασιλεὺς Ἡρώδης κ. OGI415

(Judaea, i B.C.); of Roman Emperors, BGU1200.11 ([place name] Augustus), POxy. 37 i 6 ([place name] Claudius), etc.

4 ὁ Κύριος, = Hebr. Yahweh, LXX Ge.11.5, al.; of Christ, 1 Ep.Cor.12.3, etc.

μέχρι even before vowels as in Attic Lk 16:16; Job 32:12. In three places in the NT (Mk 13:30 and Gal 4:19 μέχρις οὗ, Hb 12:4 μέχρις αἵματος) as well as Hv 4, 1, 9 (μέχρις ὅτε), Hs 9, 11, 1 (μέχρις ὀψέ) the form used before vowels is μέχρις (Vett. Val. 357, 19; IG XII, 5, 647; SIG 888, 150 [before a conson.]; 958, 16; 1109, 41; Threatte II 669–71; pap [Mayser p. 244]. On the LXX s. Thackeray p. 136.—B-D-F §21; Mlt-H. 113; 331) gener. ‘until’: in our lit. as prep. w. gen. (Hom. +) and conj. (Thu., Pla., et al.)

① marker of extension up to a point in an area, as far as, w. gen. μ. τοῦ οὐρανοῦ GPt 10:40. μ. τῆς Ἀσίας Ac 20:4 D. ἀπὸ Ἰερουσαλὴμ…μ. τοῦ Ἰλλυρικοῦ Ro 15:19 (ἀπὸ…μ. as SIG 973, 6f). μ. τῶν ἔσω φλεβῶν MPol 2:2 (Jos., Bell. 6, 304 μ. ὀστέων).

② marker of continuance in time up to a point, until

ⓐ as prep. w. gen. μ. (τῆς) νῦν IMg 8:1; Papias (3:3) (Chion, Ep. 16, 4; Longus 4, 16, 2; Xenophon Eph. 1, 4, 1; Jos., Ant. 7, 386; 17, 114; Just., D. 82, 1 and 3 al.; cp. μ. τοῦ νῦν Χ., Cyr. 7, 3, 15; PTebt 50, 26 [112/11 B.C.]; BGU 256, 9; Just., D. 78, 8). μ. ὀψέ Hs 9, 11, 1. μέχρι τίνος; how long? (Just., A I, 32, 2; Alciphron 4, 17, 2; Achilles Tat. 2, 5, 1) v 3, 10, 9. μ. τῆς σήμερον until today (Jos., Ant. 9, 28) Mt 11:23; cp. 28:15; Hv 2, 2, 4. μ. μεσονυκτίου until midnight Ac 20:7. μ. Ἰωάννου until (the time of) John Lk 16:16. μ. τῆς ἐπιφανείας τοῦ κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ 1 Ti 6:14 (Just., D. 120, 3 μ.…τῆς παρουσίας τοῦ Χριστοῦ). μ. καιροῦ διορθώσεως Hb 9:10. μ. τοῦ θερισμοῦ (for ἕως; another v.l. ἄχρι) until harvest time Mt 13:30 v.l. μ. τέλους Hb 3:6 v.l., 14 (cp. Ar. [Milne 76, 47f] μ. τελειώσεως χρόνων).—ἀπό…μ. (POxy 1647, 20 ἀπὸ ἀνατολῆς ἡλίου μέχρι δύσεως; EpArist 298): ἀπὸ τετάρτης ἡμέρας μ. ταύτης τῆς ὥρας from the fourth day to this hour Ac 10:30. ἀπὸ Ἀδὰμ μ. Μωϋσέως Ro 5:14 (cp. Just., D. 92, 2 ἀπὸ Ἀβραὰμ μ. Μωϋσέως).

ⓑ as a conjunction until (B-D-F §383, 2; Rob. 975) μ. καταντήσωμεν Eph 4:13 (cp. Hdt. 4, 119, 4; SIG 976, 71 μέχρι ποιήσωσιν; PCairPreis 48, 7 μέχρι τὸ πλοιαρίδιον εὑρῶμεν; TestSol 9:8 P; SibOr 3, 570. On the omission of ἄν s. Mlt. 168f; Rydbeck, 144–53). μ. οὗ w. subjunctive (Herodas 2, 43; 8, 8 [Cunningham reads μέχρις εὖ in both]; POxy 293, 7 [27 A.D.] μέχρι οὗ ἀποστείλῃς Da 11:36 Theod.; EpArist 298) Mk 13:30 (μ. ὅτου v.l.); Gal 4:19. μ. ὅτε (ὅτου v.l.) Hv 4, 1, 9; GJs 10:2 (s. B-D-F §455, 3).

③ marker of degree or measure, to the point of, w. gen. (Appian, Bell. Civ. 3, 69 §284 μ. τοῦ τέλους=to the end; Jos., Ant. 11, 81 μ. θρήνων; Ath. 12:3 μ. τοσούτου) κακοπαθεῖν μ. δεσμῶν suffer even to the point of being imprisoned 2 Ti 2:9. μ. αἵματος ἀντικαταστῆναι resist to the point of shedding one’s blood in being wounded or killed Hb 12:4 (μ. αἵμ. as Herodian 2, 6, 14). μ. θανάτου διωχθῆναι καὶ μ. δουλείας εἰσελθεῖν 1 Cl 4:9 (cp. 2 Macc 13:14; Jos., Bell. 2, 141). Of Christ ὑπήκοος μ. θανάτου obedient to the point of death Phil 2:8 (cp. PTor I, 1 VII, 28 [116 B.C.] μ. τελευτῆς βιοῦ). Of Epaphroditus διὰ τὸ ἔργον Χριστοῦ μ. θανάτου ἤγγισεν vs. 30 (μέχρι θανάτου to denote degree: Diod S 15, 27, 2; Cebes 26, 3; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 113 §471; 3, 77 §314; 3, 90 §372; 4, 135 §570 al.; Polyaenus 7, 30; 8, 49; Just., D. 11, 4 al.; schol. on Apollon. Rhod. 3, 427–31a; 2 Macc 13:14).—DELG. M-M.

ψεύδω, S.Ant. 389, etc.: [tense] fut.

A

ψεύσω Id.OC 628

, X.Cyr.1.5.13: [tense] aor.

ἔψευσα A.Pers. 472

, Plb.18.11.11, etc.:—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

ψευσθήσομαι S.Tr. 712

, Gal.15.143: [tense] aor.

ἐψεύσθην Hdt.1.141

, etc.: [tense] pf. ἔψευσμαι (v. infr.); imper.

ἐψεύσθω Aeschin.1.162

:—cheat by lies, beguile, τινα S.OC 628, etc.:—[voice] Pass., to be cheated, deceived, A.Ch. 759, etc.; εἰ μὴ πολύ γε ἔψευσμαι unless I am much deceived, Antipho 3.2.1.

2 c. gen., cheat, balk, disappoint one of a thing,

ψεύσει σ' ὁδοῦ τῆσδ' ἐλπίς E.Hec. 1031

;

ἔψευσας φρενῶν Πέρσας A.Pers. 472

;

μὴ ψεῦσον Ζεῦ τῆς ἐπιούσης ἐλπίδος Ar.Th. 870

;

πιστεύω.. μὴ ψεύσειν με.. τὰς ἐλπίδας X.Cyr.1.5.13

;

πόλλ' ἐλπίδες ψεύδουσι καὶ λόγοι βροτούς E.Fr. 650

:—[voice] Pass., to be cheated balked, disappointed, τινος of a thing, ψευσθῆναι ἐλπίδος, γάμου, Hdt.1.141, 5.47;

ἐνάρων S.Aj. 178

(lyr.);

δείπνου Ar.Nu. 618

(troch.); ψευσθέντες τῶν σκοπῶν disappointed of receiving tidings from the scouts, Th.8.103.

3 in [voice] Pass., also, to be deceived, mistaken in or about a thing, ἐψευσμένοι γνώμης deceived in their judgement, mistaken in opinion, Hdt.8.40, cf. S.Tr. 712 (also

ψευσθῆναι γνώμῃ Hdt.7.9

.γ) ; ἐψευσμένοι τῆς Ἀθηναίων δυνάμεως deceived or mistaken in their notions of the Athenian power, Th.4.108; πολλῶν ἐψεύσθητε τῆς οὐσίας you have often had a mistaken idea of a man's wealth, Lys.19.45;

τούτου οὐκ ἐψεύσθην Pl.Ap. 22d

;

ἐψεῦσθαι τῆς ἀληθείας Id.R. 413a

;

τῆς ὥρας And.1.38

;

ἐψευσμένοι τῶν ὄντων Pl.Tht. 195a

; ἐψεῦσθαι ἑαυτῶν, opp. εἰδέναι ἑαυτούς, X.Mem.4.2.26; also

ψευσθῆναι ἔν τισι Hdt.9.48

;

περί τινος X.An.2.6.28

, Pl.Prt. 358c: also c. acc.,

ἐψεύσθη τοῦτο X.An.1.8.11

, etc.; αὐτοὺς ἐψευσμένη ἡ Ἑλλάς deceived in its estimate of them, Th.6.17 (where αὐτοὺς is prob. corrupt, and shd. perh. be omitted): c. acc. cogn., εὐτυχέστατον ψεῦσμα ἐψευσμένος most happily deceived or mistaken, Pl.Men. 71d: more rarely in [voice] Act., καί μ' ἔψευσας ἐλπίδος πολύ thou hast much belied my expectation, i.e. turned out better than I feared, S.Aj. 1382.

4 of statements, to be untrue, ἡ τρίτη τῶν ὁδῶν μάλιστα ἔψευσται the third mode of explanation is most untrue, most mistaken, Hdt.2.22.

II c. acc. rei, like ψευδοποιέω 11, represent a thing as a lie, falsify,

ψεύδοντες οὐδὲν σῆμα τῶν προκειμένων S.OC 1512

(prob. for σημάτων) ; ψεύδει ἡ πίνοια τὴν γνώμην afterthought gives opinion the lie, Id.Ant. 389:— [voice] Pass., ἢν τάδε ψευσθῇ λέγων if his word prove (lit. be proved) false, Id.Ph. 1342; ἡ ψευσθεῖσα ὑπόσχεσις the promise broken, Th.3.66;

πάντα πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἔψευσται

have been falsely reported,

D.52.23

; in E.Andr. 346 for ἀλλὰ ψεύσεται it will be falsely said, Porson's correction ἐψεύσεται is probable ( πεύσεται Kiehl).

B earlier and more common [full] ψεύδομαι, imper.

ψεύδεο Il.4.404

(the [voice] Act. is very rare in [dialect] Att. Prose): [tense] fut.

ψεύσομαι Hom.

, Pi., [dialect] Att.: aor ἐψευσάμην, v. infr.: [tense] fut. 2 ἐψεύσομαι ( will have made a false statement) Gal.15.137(s. v.l.): [tense] pf.

ἔψευσμαι X.An.1.3.10

.

I abs., lie, speak false, play false,

ψεύσομαι ἦ ἔτυμον ἐρέω; Il.10.534

, Od.4.140;

οὐκ οἶδα ψεύδεσθαι h.Merc. 369

;

οὐ ψεύσομ' ἀμφὶ Κορίνθῳ Pi.O.13.52

;

περί τινος Pl.Prt. 347a

; ψ. κατά τινος, opp. λέγειν τἀληθῆ κατά τινος, Id.Euthd. 284a, Lys.22.7;

ψ. πρός τινα X.An.1.3.5

;

ψ. τινι Act.Ap. 5.4

and

εἴς τινα Ep.Col.3.9

.

2 c. inf., say falsely, pretend that.., Plu.2.506d.

3 c. acc. rei, say that which is untrue, whether intentionally or not,

τοῦτό γ' οὐκ ἐψεύσατο Ar.Ec. 445

;

οὐδὲν αὐτῶν ψεύδεται Id.Ach. 561

;

κἂν λάβῃς ἐψευσμένον, φάσκειν ἔμ' ἤδη μαντικῇ μηδὲν φρονεῖν S.OT 461

;

ἐάν τι μὴ ἀληθὲς λέγω.., εἰπὲ ὅτι τοῦτο ψεύδομαι· ἑκὼν γὰρ εἶναι οὐδὲν ψεύσομαι Pl.Smp. 214e

, cf. X.Mem.4.2.19;

περὶ ὧν ἔψευσται διδάσκειν ὑμᾶς Lys.3.21

.

4 to be false or faithless, to be perjured or forsworn, Hes.Op. 283.

5 ὁ ψευδόμενος, the Liar, name of a fallacy or logical puzzle invented by Eubulides, a disciple of Euclides of Megara, Thphr. ap. D.L.2.108, cf. Chrysipp.Stoic.2.92 ( ψευδόμενος is an interpolation in

ὁ σοφιστικὸς λόγος ψ. Arist.EN 1146a22

).

II like [voice] Act. 11, belie, falsify, ὅρκια ψεύσασθαι break them, Il.7.352; so

συνθήκας ψ. X.Ages.1.12

;

γάμους E.Ba. 31

, 245; so in [tense] plpf.,

ἔψευστο τὴν ξυμμαχίαν Th.5.83

; so also οὐκ ἐψεύσαντο τὰς ἀπειλάς they did not belie, i.e. they made good, their threats, Hdt.6.32; τὰ χρήματα.. ἐψευσμένοι ἦσαν had broken their word about the money, X.An.5.6.35.

III like [voice] Act. 1, deceive by lies, cheat,

Αοξίαν ἐψευσάμην A.Ag. 1208

, cf. X.HG3.1.25; also ψ. τινά τι deceive one in a thing, S.OC 1145, E.Alc. 808; ἅπερ αὐτὸν οὐ ψεύσομαι and therein I will not disappoint him (ironical), i.e. I will carry out my threat, And.1.123; τῶν ἔργων ὧν ἂν τὸν ἐκδόντα ψεύσηται (ὧν being in gen. by attraction) Pl.Lg. 921a.

IV of combinations of words, make a false statement, Arist.Int. 16a3.

ἐνδόσιμος, ον,

A serving as a prelude,

ᾆσμα Artem.2.66

; ψαλμὸς ἐ. τῇ ᾠδῇ, Suid.: but usu. neut. ἐνδόσιμον, τό ( τὸ πρὸ τῆς ᾠδῆς κιθάρισμα, Hsch.); that which gives the key to the tune, in music, Arist.Rh. 1414b24, Mu. 399a19, Hld.3.2, Ael.NA11.1, Poll.1.210: metaph., key-note of a speech, Arist.Rh. 1415a7, Pol. 1339a13, cf. Max.Tyr.7.7, Jul.Ep. 186: generally, signal for a race, Hld.4.3; [ πρόβατα]

πρὸς τὰ ἐ. τῆς σύριγγος ποιμαινόμενα Id.5.14

: metaph., τὸ τοῦ καιροῦ καὶ τῆς ὥρας ἐ. Id.4.16;

τοῦ φιλοσοφεῖν ἐ. ἔδωκαν Phld.Acad.Ind.p.5M.

;

ὥσπερ ἐ. ἕξει πρός τι Plu.2.73b

;

τοῦ λογισμοῦ τὸ ἐ. παρεσχηκότος Porph.Sent. 32

, cf. Luc.Symp.30 (also

ἐ. παρασχέσθαι Dam.Pr. 415

);

λαβεῖν Luc. Alex.19

;

μέχρις ἂν τὸ ἐ. τῆς διαλύσεως σημήνῃ M.Ant.11.20

;

ἐ. τοῖς στρατιώταις ἔργῳ διδούς Hdn.3.6.10

(so prob. as Adj., [ σιτία] ἐ. τῇ πέψει giving the signal for digestion, Plu.2.131c).

II yielding, τὸ ἐ. καὶ πειθήνιον ib.442c, cf. Max.Tyr.1.2, Hld.9.4; of arguments, easily refuted,

κατηγόρησεν ἐνδόσιμα Hyp.Fr. 241

;

ἐνδόσιμα προτείνειν D.H.Rh.8.15

.

περιίστημι,

2 bring round,

ὁ δῆμος εἰς ἑαυτὸν περιέστησε τὴν πολιτείαν Arist.Pol. 1304a33

;

εἰς τοὐναντίον π. τινὰ τῷ λόγῳ Pl.Ax.

l.c. ; εἰς τοσοῦτον π. τινά, ὥστε .. Heraclid.Pont. ap. Ath.12.537c ; esp. into a worse state, εἰς τοῦθ' ἡ τύχη τὰ πράγματα αὐτῶν περιέστησεν ὥστε .. Isoc.6.47, cf. Aeschin.3.82 ;

π. εἰς μοναρχίαν τὴν πολιτείαν Plb.3.8.2

; οἴκους εἰς πενίαν π. Hdn.7.3.5 ; convert, εἰς τὸ περιφερὲς [τὸν ἀέρα] Epicur.Ep.2p.51U.; transfer,

π. τὰς ἑαυτοῦ συμφορὰς εἴς τινα D.40.20

;

π. τὴν αἰτίαν εἴς τινα D.H.3.3

.

II in [tense] aor. 1 [voice] Med., place round oneself,

ξυστοφόρων κύκλον X.Cyr.7.5.41

;

φρουρὰν περὶ τὸ σῶμα App.BC3.4

.

B [voice] Pass. and [voice] Med., with [tense] aor. 2 ([tense] aor. 1, v.infr. 2), [tense] pf., and [tense] plpf. [voice] Act. :— stand round about,

περίστησαν γὰρ ἑταῖροι Il.4.532

; κῦμα περιστάθη a wave rose around ([dialect] Ep. [tense] aor. [voice] Pass.), Od.11.243 ;

περιστῆναι περί τι Pl.Ti. 84e

; τοῦ περιεστῶτος ἔξωθεν πνεύματος ib. 76b ; οἱ περιεστῶτες the bystanders, Antipho6.14 ;

ὄχλου πολλοῦ περιστάντος IG42(1).123.25

(Epid.).

2 c. acc. objecti, encircle, surround,

χορὸν περιίσταθ' ὅμιλος Il.18.603

; βοῦν δὲ περιστήσαντο (fort. περίστησάν τε) 2.410, cf. Od.12.356 ; μή πώς με περιστήωσ' ἕνα πολλοί ([dialect] Ep. [ per.] 3pl. subj. [tense] aor. 2 for - στῶσι ) that their numbers surround me not, Il. 17.95, cf. Od.20.50 ; so

περιστάντες [τὸ θηρίον] κύκλῳ Hdt.1.43

, cf. 9.5, A.Fr. 379, Pl.R. 432b;

π. τὸν λόφον τῷ στρατεύματι X.Cyr.3.1.5

: metaph.,

τὸ περιεστὸς ἡμᾶς δεινόν Th.4.10

, cf.7.70 ;

τοσούτου πολέμου τὴν Ἀσίαν περιστάντος Isoc.4.162

;

χωρὶς τῆς περιστάσης ἂν ἡμᾶς αἰσχύνης D.3.8

;

διὰ τὸν φόβον τὸν περιστάντα αὐτούς Aeschin.3.137

;

φόβος π. τινά Th.3.54

, cf. D.18.195.

3 c. dat.,

περιισταμένους τῇ κλίνῃ Pl.Lg. 947b

: mostly metaph., come round to one,

ἡμῖν.. ἀδοξία τὸ πλέον ἢ ἔπαινος περιέστη Th.1.76

;

τῇ [Ἑλλάδι] δουλεία περιέστηκε Lys.2.60

;

τοῦ πολέμου περιεστηκότος Θηβαίοις D.16.28

;

πηλίκα τῇ πόλει περιέστηκε πράγματα Id.19.340

; ἀνάγκη π. τινί, c. inf., ib.212: abs., of circumstances, mostly bad,

τὰ περιεστηκότα πράγματα Lys. 2.32

, cf. Epicur.Sent.38 ;

οἱ περιεστῶτες καιροί Plb.3.86.7

.

II come round, revolve,

κύκλῳ Arist.Ph. 217a19

; of winds,

ἐκ τῶν ἀπαρκτίων εἰς θρασκίας Id.Mete. 365a6

; of Time,

περιισταμένης τῆς ὥρας Thphr.CP2.11.2

, cf. Hp.Nat.Hom.7.

2 come round to, devolve upon,

περιειστήκει ὑποψία ἐς τὸν Ἀλκιβιάδην Th.6.61

;

νομίσαντες τὸ παρανόμημα ἐς τοὺς Αθηναίους τὸ αὐτὸ περιεστάναι Id.7.18

; εἰς ὀλίγους ἡμᾶς περιέστη [ἡ στατίων] IG14.830.8 (Puteoli, ii A. D.).

3 of events, come round, turn out, esp. for the worse,

ἐξ ἀρρωστίης π. τινὶ ἐς ὕδερον Hp.Coac. 471

(but also of persons, ἐς ὕδρωπα περιίσταντο became dropsical, Id.Epid.3.13); ἐς τοῦτο περιέστη ἡ τύχη fortune was so completely reversed, Th.4.12 ; τοὐναντίον περιέστη αὐτῷ it turned out quite contrary for him, Id.6.24, cf. Lys.12.64, Pl.Men. 70c ;

ὁ τοῦ δικαίου λόγος εἰς τοὐναντίον περιειστήκει Id.R. 343a

; φιλεῖ ἐς τύχας τὰ πολλὰ περιίστασθαι come to be dependent on chances, Th.1.78 ;

εἰ τὰ μὲν πράγματ' εἰς ὅπερ νυνὶ περιέστη D.18.201

, cf. 3.9 ;

τὸ πρᾶγμ' εἰς ὑπέρδεινόν μοι περιέστη Id.21.111

, cf. 37.10 ; ἐνταῦθα τὰ πράγματα π. ὥστε .. Isoc.8.59, cf. 5.55 ; περιέστηκεν εἰς τοῦτο ὥστε .. Lycurg.3 : c. inf.,

περιειστήκει τοῖς βοηθείας δεήσεσθαι δοκοῦσιν αὐτοὺς βοηθεῖν ἑτέροις D.18.218

, cf. Pl.Mx. 244d : c. part.,

περιέστηκεν ἡ πρότερον σωφροσύνη νῦν ἀβουλία φαινομένη Th.1.32

.

III later, go round so as to avoid, shun,

τὰς ἁμαρτίας Phld.Rh.1.384

S.;

τὴν ὁμιλίαν J.AJ 1.1.4

;

κύνας Luc.Herm.86

(though he censures this usage, Sol.5), cf. Gal.UP10.14, Porph.Abst.4.7, etc.;

τὸν κίνδυνον Iamb.VP33.239

; τὸ μοναρχικόν ib.31.189 ;

τὴν ἀφροσύνην S.E.M.11.93

;

κενοφωνίας 2 Ep.Ti.2.16

;

τὸ εἰκῇ καὶ μάτην M.Ant.3.4

;

τοὺς ἡγουμένους Artem.4.59

; π. μὴ .. to be afraid lest.., J.AJ4.6.12; sneak round, Phld.Rh.1.99 S.; circumvent, τοὺς λογιστάς Mitteis Chr. 88iv 11 (ii A.D.):—so in [voice] Pass.,

περιεσταμένης τῆς λογοθεσίας BGU1019.8

(ii A. D.).

σῴζω fut. σώσω; 1 aor. ἔσωσα; pf. σέσωκα. Pass.: impf. ἐσῳζόμην; fut. σωθήσομαι; 1 aor. ἐσώθην; pf. 3 sing. σέσωται Ac 4:9 (UPZ 122, 18 [157 B.C.] σέσωμαι) w. σέσῳσται or σέσωσται as v.l. (s. Tdf. ad loc. and B-D-F §26); ptc. σεσῳσμένος Eph 2:5, 8 (Hom.+—σῴζω [=σωί̈ζω] and the forms surely derived fr. it are to be written w. ι subscript. On the other hand, it is not possible to say how far the ι has spread fr. the present to the tenses formed fr. the root σω-. Kühner-Bl. II 544; B-D-F §26; Mlt-H. 84; Mayser 134)

① to preserve or rescue fr. natural dangers and afflictions, save, keep from harm, preserve, rescue (X., An. 3, 2, 10 οἱ θεοὶ … ἱκανοί εἰσι κ. τοὺς μεγάλους ταχὺ μικροὺς ποιεῖν κ. τοὺς μικροὺς σῴζειν; Musonius p. 32, 10; Chion, Ep. 11; 12 θεοῦ σῴζοντος πλευσοῦμαι; Ar. [Milne 74, 15]).

ⓐ save from death (ins [I B.C.]: Sb 8138, 34 σῴζονθʼ οὗτοι ἅπαντες who call upon Isis in the hour of death) τινά someone (Apollon. Rhod. 3, 323 θεός τις ἅμμʼ [=ἡμᾶς] ἐσάωσεν from danger of death at sea; Diod S 11, 92, 3; PsSol 13:2 ἀπὸ ῥομφαίας [cp. Ps 21:21]) Mt 14:30; 27:40, 42, 49; Mk 15:30f; Lk 23:35ab, 37, 39; 1 Cl 16:16 (Ps 21:9); 59, 4; AcPl Ha 5, 12. Pass. (TestJob 19:2 πῶς οὖν σὺ ἐσώθῃς;) Mt 24:22; Mk 13:20; J 11:12 (ἐγερθήσεται P⁷⁵); Ac 27:20, 31; 1 Cl 7:6. Abs., w. acc. easily supplied Mt 8:25. ψυχὴν σῶσαι save a life (Achilles Tat. 5, 22, 6; PTebt 56, 11 [II B.C.] σῶσαι ψυχὰς πολλάς; EpArist 292; Jos., Ant. 11, 255) Mk 3:4; Lk 6:9; 21:19 v.l. τὴν ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ σῶσαι save one’s own life (Gen 19:17; 1 Km 19:11; Jer 31:6) Mt 16:25; Mk 8:35a=Lk 9:24a (on Mk 8:35b=Lk 9:24b s. 2aβ below); 17:33 v.l. (PGM 5, 140 κύριε [a god] σῶσον ψυχήν).

ⓑ w. ἔκ τινος bring out safely fr. a situation fraught w. mortal danger (X., An. 3, 2, 11; SIG 1130, 1 ἐκ κινδύνων; OGI 69, 4; JosAs 4:8 ἐκ τοῦ λιμοῦ; 28:16 ἐκ τῆς ὀργῆς; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 286) ἐκ γῆς Αἰγύπτου Jd 5. ἐκ χειρὸς Φαραώ AcPl Ha 8, 11; ἐκ Σοδόμων 1 Cl 11:1 (Pla., Gorg. 511d ἐξ Αἰγίνης δεῦρο). ἐκ τῆς ὥρας ταύτης J 12:27. ἐκ θανάτου from (the threat of) death (Hom. et al.; Pla., Gorg. 511c; UPZ 122, 18 [157 B.C.]) Hb 5:7.—Of the evil days of the last tribulation ἐν αἷς ἡμεῖς σωθησόμεθα B 8:6; cp. 1 Cl 59:4.

ⓒ save/free from disease (Hippocr., Coacae Praenotiones 136 vol. 5 p. 612 L.; IG², 1028, 89 [I B.C.]; Mitt-Wilck. I/2, 68, 32 [132 B.C.]: gods bring healing) or from possession by hostile spirits τινά someone ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε Mt 9:22a; Mk 5:34; 10:52; Lk 8:48; 17:19; 18:42. Cp. Js 5:15; AcPl Ha 5, 31. Pass. be restored to health, get well (Just., D. 112, 1; Ael. Aristid. 33, 9 K.=51 p. 573 D.) Mt 9:21, 22b; Mk 5:23, 28; 6:56; Lk 8:36; Ac 4:9; 14:9. Also of the restoration that comes about when death has already occurred Lk 8:50.

ⓓ keep, preserve in good condition (pap; Did., Gen. 145, 1.—Theoph. Ant. 1, 12 [p. 84, 4]) τὶ someth. (Ath. 17, 2 ὁ τύπος … σῴζεται, R. 20 p. 73, 10 μνήμην and αἴσθησιν; Eunap., Vi. Soph. p. 107: θειασμός) pass. τὴν κλῆσιν σῴζεσθαι Hs 8, 11, 1.

ⓔ pass. thrive, prosper, get on well (SibOr 5, 227) σῴζεσθαι ὅλον τὸ σῶμα 1 Cl 37:5. As a form of address used in parting σῴζεσθε farewell, remain in good health B 21:9 (cp. TestAbr B 2 p. 106, 1 [Stone p. 60] σῶσόν σε ὁ θεός).

② to save or preserve from transcendent danger or destruction, save/preserve from eternal death fr. judgment, and fr. all that might lead to such death, e.g. sin, also in a positive sense bring Messianic salvation, bring to salvation (LXX; Herm. Wr. 13, 19 σῴζειν=‘endow w. everlasting life’.—Of passing over into a state of salvation and a higher life: Cebes 3, 2; 4, 3; 14, 1. Opp. κολάζειν Orig., C. Cels. 2, 38, 16).

ⓐ act. τινά someone or τὶ someth.

α. of God and Christ: God (ApcEsdr 2:17 p. 26, 9 Tdf. σὺ δὲ ὸ̔ν θέλεις σῴζεις καὶ ὸ̔ν θέλεις ἀπολεῖς) 1 Cor 1:21; 2 Ti 1:9; Tit 3:5; AcPlCor 2:10, 16. The acc. is easily supplied Js 4:12. ὁ θεὸς ὁ σῴζων Mt 16:16 D.—Christ (Orig., C. Cels. 3, 14, 9): Mt 18:11; Lk 19:10; J 12:47; 1 Ti 1:15; 2 Ti 4:18 (εἰς 10d); Hb 7:25; MPol 9:3. σώσει τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν Mt 1:21 (ς. ἀπό as Jos., Ant. 4, 128); also ἐκ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν αὐτῶν GJs 11:3; cp. 14:2. The acc. is to be supplied 2 Cl 1:7. διὰ τῶν ἁγνῶν ἀνδρῶν AcPl Ha 1, 16.

β. of persons who are mediators of divine salvation: apostles Ro 11:14; 1 Cor 9:22; 1 Ti 4:16b. The believing partner in a mixed marriage 1 Cor 7:16ab (JJeremias, Die missionarische Aufgabe in der Mischehe, Bultmann Festschr. ’54, 255–60). One Christian of another σώσει ψυχὴν αὐτοῦ ἐκ θανάτου Js 5:20 (on ς. ἐκ θαν. s. 1a above). Cp. Jd 23. Of ultimate personal security 1 Ti 4:16a; Mk 8:35b=Lk 9:24b (for Mk 8:35a=Lk 9:24a s. 1a above).

γ. of qualities, etc., that lead to salvation ἡ πίστις σου σέσωκέν σε Lk 7:50 (s. 1c above). Cp. Js 1:21; 2:14; 1 Pt 3:21; Hv 2, 3, 2. οὐ γάρ ἐστιν π[λοῦτος ἢ τὰ νῦν ἐν τῷ βίῳ λαμπ]ρ̣ὰ σώσι (=σώσει) σε it’s not [the wealth or pomp in this life] that will save you AcPl Ha 9, 8 (for the restoration s. corresponding expressions 2, 21–27).

ⓑ pass. be saved, attain salvation (TestAbr A 11 p. 90, 3 [Stone p. 28] al.; Just., A I, 18, 8 al.; Theoph. Ant. 2, 14 [p. 136, 15]) Mt 10:22; 19:25; 24:13; Mk 10:26; 13:13; 16:16; Lk 8:12; 18:26; J 5:34; 10:9; Ac 2:21 (Jo 3:5); 15:1; 16:30f; Ro 10:9, 13 (Jo 3:5); 11:26; 1 Cor 5:5; 10:33; 1 Th 2:16; 2 Th 2:10; 1 Ti 2:4 (JTurmel, Rev. d’Hist. et de Littérature religieuses 5, 1900, 385–415); 1 Pt 4:18 (Pr 11:31); 2 Cl 4:2; 13:1; IPhld 5:2; Hs 9, 26, 6; AcPl Ha 1, 5 and 21.—σωθῆναι διά τινος through someone (Ctesias: 688 Fgm. 8a p. 452 Jac. [in Ps.-Demetr., Eloc. c. 213] σὺ μὲν διʼ ἐμὲ ἐσώθης, ἐγὼ δέ; Herm. Wr. 1, 26b ὅπως τὸ γένος τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος διὰ σοῦ ὑπὸ θεοῦ σωθῇ) J 3:17; 2 Cl 3:3; through someth. (Mel., P. 60, 440 διὰ τοῦ αἵματος) Ac 15:11; 1 Cor 15:2; 1 Ti 2:15 (διά A 3c); Hv 3, 3, 5; 3, 8, 3 (here faith appears as a person, but still remains as a saving quality); 4, 2, 4. ἔν τινι in or through someone 1 Cl 38:1; AcPl Ha 2, 29; in or through someth. Ac 4:12; 11:14; Ro 5:10. ὑπό τινος by someone (Herm. Wr. 9, 5 ὑπὸ τ. θεοῦ ς.; Philo, Leg. All. 2, 101 ὑπὸ θεοῦ σῴζεται) 2 Cl 8:2. ἀπό τινος save oneself by turning away from Ac 2:40 (on ς. ἀπό s. 2aα above; ELövestam, ASTI 12, ’83, 84–92). διά τινος ἀπό τινος through someone from someth. Ro 5:9.—χάριτι by grace Eph 2:5; Pol 1:3. τῇ χάριτι διὰ πίστεως Eph 2:8. τῇ ἐλπίδι ἐσώθημεν (only) in hope have we (thus far) been saved or it is in the context of this hope that we have been saved (i.e., what is to come climaxes what is reality now) Ro 8:24.—οἱ σῳζόμενοι those who are to be or are being saved (Iren. 1, 3, 5 [Harv. I 30, 9]) Lk 13:23; Ac 2:47 (BMeyer, CBQ 27, ’65, 37f: cp. Is 37:2); 1 Cor 1:18; 2 Cor 2:15 (opp. οἱ ἀπολλύμενοι in the last two passages); Rv 21:24 t.r. (Erasmian rdg.); 1 Cl 58:2; MPol 17:2.

③ Certain passages belong under 1 and 2 at the same time. They include Mk 8:35=Lk 9:24 (s. 1a and 2a β above) and Lk 9:[56] v.l., where σῴζειν is used in contrast to destruction by fire fr. heaven, but also denotes the bestowing of transcendent salvation (cp. Cornutus 16 p. 21, 9f οὐ πρὸς τὸ βλάπτειν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ σῴζειν γέγονεν ὁ λόγος [=Ἑρμῆς]). In Ro 9:27 τὸ ὑπόλειμμα σωθήσεται (Is 10:22) the remnant that is to escape death is interpreted to mean the minority who are to receive the Messianic salvation. In 1 Cor 3:15 escape fr. a burning house is a symbol for the attainment of eternal salvation (πῦρ a; cp. also Cebes 3, 4 ἐὰν δέ τις γνῷ, ἡ ἀφροσύνη ἀπόλλυται, αὐτὸς δὲ σῷζεται).—WWagner, Über σώζειν u. seine Derivata im NT: ZNW 6, 1905, 205–35; J-BColon, La conception du Salut d’après les Év. Syn.: RSR 10, 1930, 1–39; 189–217; 370–415; 11, ’31, 27–70; 193–223; 382–412; JSevenster, Het verlossingsbegrip bij Philo. Vergeleken met de verlossingsgedachten van de Syn. evangeliën ’36; PMinear, And Great Shall be your Reward ’41; MGoguel, Les fondements de l’assurance du salut chez l’ap. Paul: RHPR 17, ’38, 105–44; BHHW II 995, 1068.—B. 752. DELG s.v. σῶς. M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

περικατα-λαμβάνω,

A embrace, enclose, hem in on all sides, Arist.Pr. 946b38 ([voice] Pass.).

2 overtake,

περικαταλαμβάνει γὰρ ὁ νέος [καρπὸς] ἀεὶ τὸν ἔνον Thphr.HP4.2.5

, cf. 3.4.5, 3.16.1, D.S.4.54, 20.74, al.;

θάλασσα π. τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους J.AJ2.16.3

:—[voice] Pass., Archyt.1, J. AJ20.4.1; π. τῇ ὥρᾳ to be overtaken by.., Thphr.CP 2.81 ; π. ὑπὸ τοῦ ῥεύματος, ὑπὸ τῆς φλογός, Arist.Mu. 400b1, Plb.14.4.10 ; περικαταλαμβανόμενος τοῖς καιροῖς compelled by circumstances, Id.16.2.8.

II intr., περικαταλαβούσης τῆς ὥρας the season having come round or returned, Thphr.Od.39.

φεῦ, exclamation of grief or anger,

A alas! freq. in Trag.;

φ. τάλας S.Aj. 983

, etc.: freq. c. gen., φ. τοῦ ὄρνιθος .. A.Th. 597, cf. S.El. 920, 1183; φ. τῆς βροτείας [φρενός] E.Hipp. 936: joined with other exclam.,

οἰοῖ δᾶ φ. A.Eu. 841

(lyr.); παπαῖ φ. or φ. π., S.Ph. 785, 792;

φ. ὦ Ἑλλάς X.Ages.7.5

, cf. Cyr.7.3.8.

II of astonishment or admiration, ah! oh! E.Heracl. 552, El. 262, Ph. 1740 (lyr.), Pl.Phdr. 273c, etc., cf. Sch.Ar.Av. 162; doubled,

φ. φ. E.Heracl. 535

, Ar. l.c., Theoc.5.86: c. gen.,

φ. φ. τῆς ὥρας, τοῦ κάλλους Ar.Av. 1724

(lyr.); φ. τοῦ ἀνδρός oh, what a man! X.Cyr.3.1.39 (where, however, there is also a sense of grief): also φ. τὸ καὶ λαβεῖν πρόσφθεγμα τοιοῦδ' ἀνδρός oh, but to get speech of such a man! S.Ph. 234; folld. by a relat.,

φεῦ, ὅσῳ λέγεις κτλ. Pl.Phdr. 263d

;

φ. ὡς εὖ λέγεις Id.Hp. Ma.287b

.— φεῦ in Trag. and Com. Poets sts. stands extra versum, A.Ag. 1307, Ch. 194, Ar.Nu.41, etc.; when it forms part of the verse, it is usu. at the beginning, but not so in S.Ph. 234, 1302.

ἀοριστ-ία, ἡ,

A indefiniteness, indeterminateness,

τῆς ὥρας Arist. Pr. 941b32

, cf. Mete. 361b34, Thphr.Vent.52, Gal.4.406.

2 illimitability, Epicur.Sent.Vat.63.

3 indecision,

τῆς ψυχῆς Plot.2.4.10

.

4 lack of limit,

κατὰ τὰς ἐπιθυμίας Carneisc.Herc.1027.14

, cf. Phld.Herc.1251.3.

5 pl., irregularities,

τὰς κατὰ τῶν φασμάτων τῶν τοῦ ἡλίου ἀοριστίας Epicur.Nat.11.6

.

παραδίδωμι (Pind., Hdt.+) pres. 3 sg. παραδίδει (-δίδη cod. [ApcEsdr 3:12 p. 27, 23 Tdf.]), subj. 3 sg. παραδιδῷ and παραδιδοῖ 1 Cor 15:24 (B-D-F §95, 2; W-S. §14, 12; Mlt-H. 204), ptc. παραδιδούς; impf. 3 sg. παρεδίδου Ac 8:3 and 1 Pt 2:23, pl. παρεδίδουν Ac 16:4 v.l.; 27:1 and παρεδίδοσαν 16:4 (B-D-F §94, 1; Mlt-H. 202); fut. παραδώσω; 1 aor. παρέδωκα; 2 aor. indic. παρέδοσαν Lk 1:2; 2 aor. subj. 3 sg. παραδῷ and παραδοῖ Mk 4:29; 14:10, 11; J 13:2 (B-D-F §95, 2; Mlt-H. 210f), impv. παράδος, ptc. παραδούς; pf. παραδέδωκα, ptc. παραδεδωκώς (Ac 15:26); plpf. 3 pl. παραδεδώκεισαν Mk 15:10 (on the absence of augment s. B-D-F §66, 1; Mlt-H. 190). Pass.; impf. 3 sg. παρεδίδετο 1 Cor 11:23b (-δίδοτο is also attested; B-D-F §94, 1; Mlt-H. 206); 1 fut. παραδοθήσομαι; 1 aor. παρεδόθην; perf. 3 sg. παραδέδοται Lk 4:6, ptc. παραδεδομένος (Ac 14:26).

① to convey someth. in which one has a relatively strong personal interest, hand over, give (over), deliver, entrust

ⓐ a thing τινί τι (Jos., Ant 4, 83; Mel., P. 42, 290; 292; 294) τάλαντά μοι Mt 25:20, 22. αὐτοῖς τὰ ὑπάρχοντα αὐτοῦ vs. 14. ὑμῖν τὴν γῆν 1 Cl 12:5. τινὶ τὴν κτίσιν Hv 3, 4, 1; λίθους Hs 9, 7, 1; ἀμπελῶνα 5, 6, 2. Also in the sense give back, restore, give up (X., Hell. 2, 3, 7 τινί τι) αὐτῷ τὴν παρακαταθήκην ἣν ἔλαβον Hm 3:2.—Pass., w. the thing easily supplied fr. the context ἐμοὶ παραδέδοται Lk 4:6.—παρέδωκεν τὸ πνεῦμα J 19:30 (ApcMos 42; cp. TestAbr B 12 p. 117, 4f [Stone p. 82] Σαρρα … παρέδωκε τὴν ψυχήν; ParJer 9:8; ApcEsdr 7:14) needs no dat.: he gave up his spirit voluntarily. ἄνθρωποι παραδεδωκότες τὰς ψυχὰς αὐτῶν ὑπὲρ τοῦ ὀνόματος τοῦ κυρίου men who have risked ( pledged Field, Notes 124) their lives for the name of the Lord Ac 15:26. καὶ ἐὰν παραδῶ τὸ σῶμά μου ἵνα καυθήσομαι and if I give up my body to be burned 1 Cor 13:3 (Maximus Tyr. 1, 9i τῇ Αἴτνῃ αὐτοῦ παραδοὺς σῶμα; Syntipas p. 60, 11 πυρὶ σεαυτὴν παραδίδως). ὅταν παραδιδοῖ τ. βασιλείαν τῷ θεῷ when (Christ) delivers the kingship to God 15:24.

ⓑ hand over, turn over, give up a person ([Lat. trado] as a t.t. of police and courts ‘hand over into [the] custody [of]’ OGI 669, 15; PHib 92, 11; 17; PLille 3, 59 [both pap III B.C.]; PTebt 38, 6 [II B.C.] al.—As Military term ‘surrender’: Paus. 1, 2, 1; X., Cyr. 5, 1, 28; 5, 4, 51.) τινά someone Mt 10:19; 24:10; 27:18; Mk 13:11; Ac 3:13. Pass. Mt 4:12; Mk 1:14; Lk 21:16. τινά τινι Mt 5:25 (fr. one official to another, as UPZ 124, 19f [II B.C.]; TestAbr B 10 p. 115, 11 [Stone p. 78]); 18:34; 27:2; Mk 10:33b; cp. 15:1; Lk 12:58; 20:20; J 18:30, 35; Ac 27:1; 28:16 v.l.; Hs 7:5; 9, 10, 6; Pass. Lk 18:32; J 18:36; Hv 5:3f; m 4, 4, 3; Hs 6, 3, 6b; 9, 11, 2; 9, 13, 9; 9, 20, 4; 9, 21, 4. τὸν Ἰησοῦν παρέδωκεν τῷ θελήματι αὐτῶν Lk 23:25.—Esp. of Judas (s. Brown, Death I 211f on tendency of translators to blur the parallelism of Judas’ action to the agency of others in the passion narrative), whose information and action leads to the arrest of Jesus, w. acc. and dat. ἐγὼ ὑμῖν παραδώσω αὐτόν Mt 26:15. Cp. Mk 14:10; Lk 22:4, 6; J 19:11. Pass. Mt 20:18; Mk 10:33a. Without a dat. Mt 10:4; 26:16, 21, 23; Mk 3:19; 14:11, 18; Lk 22:48; J 6:64, 71; 12:4; 13:21. Pass. Mt 26:24; Mk 14:21; Lk 22:22; 1 Cor 11:23b (NRSV et al. render ‘betrayed’, but it is not certain that when Paul refers to ‘handing over’, ‘delivering up’, ‘arresting’ [so clearly Posidon.: 87 Fgm. 36, 50 Jac. παραδοθείς ‘surrendered’] he is even thinking of the action taken against Jesus by Judas much less interpreting it as betrayal; cp. Ac 3:13 παρεδώκατε). ὁ παραδιδοὺς αὐτόν (παραδιδούς με) his (my) informer (on the role of a מסוֹר in Israelite piety s. WKlassen, Judas ’96, 62–66; but Ac 1:18 the action of Judas as ἀδικία) Mt 26:25, 46, 48; Mk 14:42, 44; Lk 22:21; J 13:11; 18:2, 5. Cp. Mt 27:3, 4; J 21:20. The article w. pres. ptc. connotes the notoriety (cp. the use of traditor in Tacitus, Histories 4, 24) of Judas in early tradition. His act is appraised as betrayal Lk 6:16, s. προδότης.—τινὰ εἰς χεῖράς τινος deliver someone/someth. into someone’s hands (a Semitic construction, but paralleled in Lat., cp. Livy 26, 12, 11; Dt 1:27; Jer 33:24; Jdth 6:10; 1 Macc 4:30; 1 Esdr 1:50. Pass. Jer 39:4, 36, 43; Sir 11:6; Da 7:25, 11:11; TestJob 20:3; ParJer 2:7 τὴν πόλιν; AscIs 2:14; cp. Jos., Ant. 2, 20) Ac 21:11. Pass. Mt 17:22; 26:45; Mk 9:31; 14:41; Lk 9:44; 24:7 (NPerrin, JJeremias Festschr., ’70, 204–12); Ac 28:17. ἡ γῆ παραδοθήσεται εἰς χεῖρας αὐτοῦ D 16:4b. Also ἐν χειρί τινος (Judg 7:9; 2 Esdr 9:7; cp. 2 Ch 36:17; 1 Macc 5:50; Just., D. 40, 2 ὁ τόπος τοῖς ἐχθροῖς ὑμῶν παραδοθήσεται) 1 Cl 55:5b.—W. indication of the goal, or of the purpose for which someone is handed over: in the inf. (Jos., Bell. 1, 655) παραδιδόναι τινά τινι φυλάσσειν αὐτόν hand someone over to someone to guard him (X., An. 4, 6, 1) Ac 12:4. W. local εἰς (OGI 669, 15 εἰς τὸ πρακτόρειόν τινας παρέδοσαν; PGiss 84 II, 18 [II A.D.] εἰς τ. φυλακήν): εἰς συνέδρια hand over to the local courts Mt 10:17; Mk 13:9. εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς καὶ φυλακάς hand someone over to the synagogues and prisons Lk 21:12. εἰς φυλακήν put in prison Ac 8:3; cp. 22:4. Also εἰς δεσμωτήριον (of a transcendent place of punishment: cp. PGM 4, 1245ff ἔξελθε, δαῖμον, … παραδίδωμί σε εἰς τὸ μέλαν χάος ἐν ταῖς ἀπωλείαις) Hs 9, 28, 7. ἑαυτοὺς εἰς δεσμά give oneself up to imprisonment 1 Cl 55:2a. W. final εἰς (cp. En 97:10 εἰς κατάραν μεγάλην παρα[δο]θήσεσθε): ἑαυτοὺς εἰς δουλείαν give oneself up to slavery 55:2b (cp. Just., D. 139, 4). εἰς τὸ σταυρωθῆναι hand over to be crucified Mt 26:2. εἰς τὸ ἐμπαῖξαι κτλ. 20:19. εἰς θλῖψιν 24:9. εἰς κρίμα θανάτου Lk 24:20. εἰς κρίσιν 2 Pt 2:4. εἰς θάνατον hand over to death (POxy 471, 107 [II A.D.]): Mt 10:21 (Unknown Sayings, 68 n. 3: by informing on the other); Mk 13:12; Hm 12, 1, 2f; pass.: ending of Mk in the Freer ms.; 2 Cor 4:11; 1 Cl 16:13 (Is 53:12); B 12:2; Hs 9, 23, 5. π. ἑαυτὸν εἰς θάνατον give oneself up to death 1 Cl 55:1; fig. hand oneself over to death Hs 6, 5, 4. εἰς θλῖψιν θανάτου παραδίδοσθαι be handed over to the affliction of death B 12:5. π. τὴν σάρκα εἰς καταφθοράν give up his flesh to corruption 5:1.—ἵνα stands for final εἰς: τὸν Ἰησοῦν παρέδωκεν ἵνα σταυρωθῇ he handed Jesus over to be crucified Mt 27:26; Mk 15:15; cp. J 19:16.—π. alone w. the mng. hand over to suffering, death, punishment, esp. in relation to Christ: κύριος παρέδωκεν αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἁμαρτιῶν ἡμῶν 1 Cl 16:7 (cp. Is 53:6).—Ro 8:32. Pass. 4:25; cp. B 16:5. π. ἑαυτὸν ὑπέρ τινος Gal 2:20 (GBerényi, Biblica 65, ’84, 490–537); Eph 5:25. παρέδωκεν ἑαυτὸν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν προσφορὰν καὶ θυσίαν τῷ θεῷ he gave himself to God for us as a sacrifice and an offering vs. 2.—π. τινὰ τῷ σατανᾷ εἰς ὄλεθρον τῆς σαρκός hand someone over to Satan for destruction of his physical body 1 Cor 5:5. οὓς παρέδωκα τῷ σατανᾷ, ἵνα whom I have turned over to Satan, in order that 1 Ti 1:20 (cp. INikaia I, 87, 4f of someone handed over to the gods of the netherworld for tomb violation [New Docs 4, 165]; also the exorcism PGM 5, 334ff νεκυδαίμων, … παραδίδωμί σοι τὸν δεῖνα, ὅπως … ; s. the lit. s.v. ὄλεθρος 2; also CBruston, L’abandon du pécheur à Satan: RTQR 21, 1912, 450–58; KLatte, Heiliges Recht 1920; LBrun, Segen u. Fluch im Urchr. ’32, 106ff). The angel of repentance says: ἐμοὶ παραδίδονται εἰς ἀγαθὴν παιδείαν they are turned over to me for good instruction Hs 6, 3, 6a (Demetr. Phaler. [IV/III B.C.] Fgm. 164 FWehrli ’49: Demosthenes παραδίδωσι ἑαυτὸν τῷ Ἀνδρονίκῳ to be initiated into dramatic art).—ἑαυτοὺς παρέδωκαν τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ they gave themselves over to debauchery Eph 4:19. ταῖς ἐπιθυμίαις τ. αἰῶνος τούτου Hs 6, 2, 3. ταῖς τρυφαῖς καὶ ἀπάταις 6, 2, 4. παρεδώκατε ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὰς ἀκηδίας Hv 3, 11, 3 (s. ἀκηδία). Of God, who punishes evil-doers: παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς εἰς ἀκαθαρσίαν he abandoned them to impurity Ro 1:24 (for the thought cp. 1QH 2:16–19. See also EKlostermann, ZNW 32, ’33, 1–6 [retribution]). εἰς πάθη ἀτιμίας to disgraceful passions vs. 26. εἰς ἀδόκιμον νοῦν vs. 28. παρέδωκεν αὐτοὺς λατρεύειν τῇ στρατιᾷ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ Ac 7:42. God, the All-Gracious One, is the subject of the extraordinary (s. lit. διδαχή 2) expression εἰς ὸ̔ν παρεδόθητε τύπον διδαχῆς = τῷ τύπῳ δ. εἰς ὸ̔ν π. (obedient) to the form of teaching, for the learning of which you were given over i.e. by God Ro 6:17 (cp. the ins. fr. Transjordania in Nabataean times NGG Phil.-Hist. Kl. Fachgr. V n.s. I, 1, ’36, p. 3, 1 Abedrapsas thanks his paternal god: παρεδόθην εἰς μάθησιν τέχνης=‘I was apprenticed to learn a trade’. AFridrichsen, ConNeot 7, ’42, 6–8; FBeare, NTS 5, ’59, 206–10; UBorse, BZ 12, ’68, 95–103; FDanker, Gingrich Festschr., ’72, 94).

② to entrust for care or preservation, give over, commend, commit w. dat. (cp. PFlor 309, 5 σιωπῇ παραδ. ‘hand over to forgetfulness’; Just., A II, 5, 2 τὴν … τῶν ἀνθρώπων … πρόνοιαν ἀγγέλοις … παρέδωκεν ‘[God] entrusted angels with concern for humans’; Tat. 7, 3 τῇ σφῶν ἀβελτερίᾳ παρεδόθησαν ‘they were handed over to their own stupidity’) παραδίδοσθαι τῇ χάριτι τοῦ κυρίου ὑπό τινος be commended by someone to the grace of the Lord Ac 15:40. Ἀντιόχεια, ὅθεν ἦσαν παραδεδομένοι τῇ χάριτι τοῦ θεοῦ εἰς τὸ ἔργον Antioch, from which (city they had gone out) commended to the grace of God for the work 14:26.—παρεδίδου τῷ κρίνοντι he committed his cause to the one who judges 1 Pt 2:23.

③ to pass on to another what one knows, of oral or written tradition, hand down, pass on, transmit, relate, teach (Theognis 1, 28f passes on what he himself learned as παῖς, ἀπὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν; Pla., Phil. 16c, Ep. 12, 359d μῦθον; Demosth. 23, 65; Polyb. 7, 1, 1; 10, 28, 3; Diod S 12, 13, 2 π. τινί τι pass on someth. to future generations εἰς ἅπαντα τὸν αἰῶνα; Plut., Nic. 524 [1, 5]; Herm. Wr. 13, 15; Jos., C. Ap. 1, 60 τὴν κατὰ νόμους παραδεδομένην εὐσέβειαν; PMagd 33, 5 of a report to the police concerning the facts in a case; Just.; A I, 54, 1 τὰ μυθοποιηθέντα) Lk 1:2. παραδόσεις Mk 7:13 (of the tradition of the Pharisees, as Jos., Ant. 13, 297; cp. the rabbinic term מָסַר); 1 Cor 11:2. ἔθη Ac 6:14. ὁ ἡμῖν παραδοθεὶς λόγος the teaching handed down to us Pol 7:2 (Just., D. 53, 6). ἡ παραδοθεῖσα αὐτοῖς ἁγία ἐντολή 2 Pt 2:21 (ApcMos 23 τὴν ἐντολήν μου ἣν παρέδωκά σοι). ἡ παραδοθεῖσα τοῖς ἁγίοις πίστις Jd 3. τὰ παραδοθέντα (Philo, Fuga 200) Dg 11:1. παρεδίδοσαν αὐτοῖς φυλάσσειν τὰ δόγματα they handed down to them the decisions to observe Ac 16:4.—(In contrast to παραλαμβάνειν [the same contrast in Diod S 1, 91, 4; 3, 65, 6; 5, 2, 3; PHerm 119 III, 22; BGU 1018, 24; PThéad 8, 25]) pass on 1 Cor 11:23a; 15:3; AcPlCor 2:4; EpilMosq 2. W. a connotation of wonder and mystery (of mysteries and ceremonies: Theon Smyrn., Expos. Rer. Math. p. 14 Hiller τελετὰς παραδιδόναι; Diod S 5, 48, 4 μυστηρίων τελετὴ παραδοθεῖσα; Strabo 10, 3, 7; Wsd 14:15 μυστήρια καὶ τελετάς. ParJer 9:29 τὰ μυστήρια … τῷ Βαρούχ; Just., D. 70, 1 τὰ τοῦ Μίθρου μυστήρια παραδιδόντες; cp. 78, 6. Cp. Herm. Wr. 13, 1 παλιγγενεσίαν; PGM 4, 475) πάντα (πᾶς 1dβ) μοι παρεδόθη ὑπὸ τ. πατρός μου Mt 11:27; Lk 10:22 (cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 32 πάτερ … παρέδωκας αὐτῷ [ὁ σὸς ἄνθρωπος is meant] τὴν πᾶσαν ἐξουσίαν; in Vett. Val. 221, 23 astrology is ὑπὸ θεοῦ παραδεδομένη τ. ἀνθρώποις.—For lit. on the saying of Jesus s. under υἱός 2dβ).—S. παράδοσις, end.

④ to make it possible for someth. to happen, allow, permit (Hdt. 5, 67; 7, 18 [subj. ὁ θεός]; X., An. 6, 6, 34 [οἱ θεοί]; Isocr. 5, 118 [οἱ καιροί]; Polyb. 22, 24, 9 τῆς ὥρας παραδιδούσης) ὅταν παραδοῖ ὁ καρπός when the (condition of the) crop permits Mk 4:29.—On the whole word: WPopkes, Christus Traditus, ’67.—M-M. EDNT. TW. Spicq. Sv.

⁺ V 4-9-9-8-14=44 Gn 16,2; 20,18(bis); Ex 14,3; Jos 6,1

A: to shut up, to confine [τινα] Ps 30(31),9; to shut, to close [τι] Gn 20,18; to shut in [τινα] Ex 14,3; to shut up, to encircle (a city) [τι] Jos 6,1; to besiege [τι] Ez 4,3; to restrain sb from sth [τινά τινος] Gn 16,2; to hedge in sb [κατά τινος] Jb 3,23; to consign sb to sth [τινα εἴς τι] Ps 77(78),50; to complete [τι] 1 Kgs 11,27

P: to be closed Mal 1,10; to be shut in together 1 Ezr 9,16; to be straitened Prv 4,12

ὁ συγκλείων smith 2 Kgs 24,14; ὑπὸ τῆς ὥρας συγκλειόμενοι obliged by lack of time 2 Mc 8,25; σκεύη χρυσίῳ συγκεκλεισμένα vessels overlaid with (a plate of) gold 1 Kgs 10,21

Cf. GEHMAN 1966=1972 107; HARL 1999 107; →TWNT

κᾰπηλ-εύω,

A to be a retail-dealer, drive a petty trade, Hdt.1.155, 2.35, Isoc.2.1, Nymphod.21, IG11(2).161 A16 (Delos, iii B. C.), BGU 1024 vii 23 (iv A. D.); δι' ἀψύχου βορᾶς σίτοις καπήλευ' drive a trade, chaffer with your vegetable food, E.Hipp. 953.

II c. acc., sell by retail,

τὸν ἕρπιν Hippon.51

.

2 metaph., κ. τὰ πρήγματα, of Darius, Hdt.3.89; κ. τὰ μαθήματα sell learning by retail, hawk it about, Pl. Prt. 313d;

κ. τὸν λόγον τοῦ θεοῦ 2 Ep.Cor.2.17

; so ἔοικεν οὐ καπηλεύσειν μάχην will not peddle in war, i. e. fight half-heartedly, A.Th. 545;

κ. τῇ Χάριτι τὴν ἀμοιβήν Epicur.Sent.Vat.39

; κ. τὴν πολιτείαν traffic in grants of citizenship, D.C.60.17; κ. τῆς ὥρας ἄνθος or τὴν ὥραν, of prostitutes, Ph.2.394, 576; εἰρήνην πρὸς Ῥωμαίους Χρυσίου κ. Hdn.6.7.9; τύχη καπηλεύουσα.. τὸν βίον playing tricks with life, corrupting it, AP9.180 (Pall.).

κατεπ-είγω,

A press down,

χαλεπὸν κατὰ γῆρας ἐπείγει Il.23.623

.

2 press hard, οἱ χρῆσται κατήπειγον αὐτόν his creditors were pressing him hard, D.33.6, cf. Th.1.61; κατεπείγει ὕδωρ ῥέον the ebbing water (of the clepsydra) urges him on, Pl.Tht. 172e;

ἡ φιλοτιμία κατήπειγεν αὐτόν Id.Ep. 338e

: c. acc. et inf.,

οὐδὲν ἡμᾶς ἐστὶ τὸ κατεπεῖγον τὸ μὴ.. σκοπεῖν Id.Lg. 781e

;

οὐδὲν ὑμᾶς κ. ἀκοῦσαι D.24.18

;

τὸ -επεῖγον πράττειν X.Mem.2.1.2

;

τὰ ἀναλώματα τὰ -επείγοντα PFlor.161.5

(iii A.D.); τὸ κ. alone, the urgent symptom, Gal.17(2).426;

οὔτε τι κωλύει οὔτε -επείγει Hp.Fract.14

;

τὰ μάλιστα -επείγοντα Isoc.8.132

, cf. Plb.1.66.6; τῶν ἐν ἐκείνῳ μὲν τῷ χρόνῳ πραχθέντων, ῥηθῆναι δὲ νῦν οὐ -επειγόντων not urgently requiring mention, Isoc.12.192;

τῆς ὥρας -επειγούσης Plb.3.99.9

;

θόρυβος φόβος μετὰ φωνῆς -επείγων Stoic.3.98

:—[voice] Pass., to be pressed, Hyp.(?)Oxy.1607.43, Phld.Rh.1.138 S.;

περί τινος PCair.Zen. 530

(iii B.C.).

II intr., hasten, make haste,

ἕπου κατεπείγων Ar.Ec. 293

: c. inf., Βοιωτοὶ οὐδέν τι κατήπειγον ξυνάψαι were in no haste, X.HG4.2.18; οὐδέν κω κατεπείγων αὐτὸς ἥκειν prob. in Hdt.8.126.

III [voice] Med., hasten,

ἐκ Κορίνθου Ἀθήναζε Alciphr.3.51

.